Editing Four Noble Truths (section)

===Mnemonic set===
According to [[K. R. Norman]], the Pali canon contains various shortened forms of the four truths, the "mnemonic set", which were "intended to remind the hearer of the full form of the NTs."{{sfn|Norman|2003|p=213}} The earliest form of the mnemonic set was "dukkham samudayo nirodho marga", without the reference to the [[Pali]] terms ''sacca''{{sfn|Norman|2003|p=219}} or ''arya'',{{sfn|Norman|2003|p=220}} which were later added to the formula.{{sfn|Norman|2003|p=220}} The four mnemonic terms can be translated as follows:
# ''[[Dukkha]]'' – "incapable of satisfying",<ref group=web name="Sumedho-first">{{Cite web|url=http://www.buddhanet.net/4noble4.htm|title=THE FIRST NOBLE TRUTH|website=www.buddhanet.net}}</ref> "the unsatisfactory nature and the general insecurity of all [[Saṅkhāra#Conditioned things|conditioned phenomena]]"; "painful".{{sfn|Nyanatiloka|1980|p=65}}{{sfn|Emmanuel|2015|p=30}} ''Dukkha'' is most commonly translated as "suffering". According to Khantipalo, this is an incorrect translation, since it refers to the ultimately unsatisfactory nature of temporary states and things, including pleasant but temporary experiences.{{sfn|Khantipalo|2003|p=46}} According to Emmanuel, ''Dukkha'' is the opposite of ''sukha'', (non-transient) "pleasure", and it is better translated as "pain".{{sfn|Emmanuel|2015|p=30}}
# ''Samudaya'' – "origin", "source", "arising", "coming to existence";<ref group=web name=DigitalLibrary>{{Cite web|url=http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/DBLM/olcourse/sanskrit/heart/heart16.htm|title=na duhkha-samudaya-nirodha-margah|date=11 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611220213/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/DBLM/olcourse/sanskrit/heart/heart16.htm |archive-date=11 June 2012 }}</ref> "aggregate of the constituent elements or factors of any being or existence", "cluster", "coming together", "combination", "producing cause", "rising".<ref group=web>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=+samudaya&trans=Translate&direction=AU Sanskrit Dictionary for spoken Sanskrit, ''samudaya'']</ref> Conjunct of:
## ''sam'' – "with, together with";<ref>DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, at Wisdom Library [https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/sam ''sam'']</ref>
## ''udaya'' – "rising," "swelling up";<ref>Dictionary of Spoken Sanskrit, [https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=udaya&dir=au ''udaya'']</ref> "rising up, coming forth"; "elevation, exaltation, rise; growth"; "result, consequence";<ref>DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, at Wisdom Library [https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/udaya#sanskrit ''udaya'']</ref>
# ''[[Nirodha]]'' – cessation; release; to confine;{{sfn|Brazier|2001}} "prevention, suppression, enclosing, restraint"<ref group=web>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?beginning=0+&tinput=+nirodha&trans=Translate spokensanskrit.de, ''nirodha'']</ref>
# ''[[Noble Eightfold Path|Marga]]'' – "path".<ref group=web name="auto"/>