Editing Foreign relations of Venezuela (section)

===Americas===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal Relations Began
!Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}||<!--Date started-->||
{{main|Antigua and Barbuda–Venezuela relations}}
In June 2009 [[Antigua and Barbuda]] became a formal member of the [[Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas]] (ALBA) international cooperation organization and the Caribbean oil alliance [[Petrocaribe]].<!--and this helps Venezuela how?---> In 2009 Antigua and Barbuda received US$50 million from Venezuela because of the country's membership in this alliance.<!--a guess. check it out---> After American billionaire [[Allen Stanford]]'s banks failed, Chávez sent financial assistance to Antigua and Barbuda, which was dependent on Stanford's investment when his business empire collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/business/business/2009/08/18/chavez-aids-antigua-barbuda-after-stanford-fraud-scandal |title=Chavez aid Antigua-Barbuda after Stanford Fraud Scandal |work=The Trinidad Guardian |date=18 August 2009 |access-date=31 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716201636/http://www.guardian.co.tt/business/business/2009/08/18/chavez-aids-antigua-barbuda-after-stanford-fraud-scandal |archive-date=16 July 2012 }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Argentina}}||<!--Date started-->|| {{main|Argentina–Venezuela relations}}
[[File:Kirchner and Chavez.jpg|thumb|right|Presidents [[Hugo Chávez]] of Venezuela and [[Néstor Kirchner]] of Argentina, 2005]]
US$1.4 billion was traded between Argentina and Venezuela during 2008.<ref name="Venezuela shops in Argentina after Colombia spat">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSN1154262320090811|title=Venezuela shops in Argentina after Colombia spat|date=11 August 2009|access-date=13 August 2009|work=Reuters}}</ref> Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez met Argentine [[President of Argentina|President]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] in [[Caracas]] on 11 August 2009.<ref name="Chavez and Cristina sign a billion USD trade agreement"/> Kirchner called it a "bilateral meeting [...] aimed at deepening our vital integration."<ref name="Chavez and Cristina sign a billion USD trade agreement"/> The two presidents signed deals intended to see Venezuela import leather, machinery and poultry from Argentina, whilst a rice importation agreement was described by the Argentine President as "the biggest ever in Argentina's history".<ref name="Chavez and Cristina sign a billion USD trade agreement"/> The deals were said to be worth $1.1 billion.<ref name="Venezuela shops in Argentina after Colombia spat"/> The meeting coincided with visits to Venezuela by dozens of Argentine businessmen.<ref name="Chavez and Cristina sign a billion USD trade agreement">{{cite web|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/08/12/chavez-and-cristina-sign-a-billion-usd-trade-agreement|title=Chavez and Cristina sign a billion USD trade agreement|date=12 August 2009|access-date=13 August 2009|publisher=MercoPress}}</ref>

Both embassies were closed in July 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2024/07/31/brasil-acepto-representar-los-intereses-de-la-argentina-en-venezuela-tras-la-expulsion-de-los-diplomaticos/|work=[[Infobae]]|date=31 July 2024|access-date=16 September 2024|language=es|title=Brasil aceptó representar los intereses de la Argentina en Venezuela, tras la expulsión de los diplomáticos}}</ref>

|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Belize}}||<!--Date started-->25 April 1989||{{main|Belize–Venezuela relations}}
*Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 April 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.bz/images/documents/DIPLOMATIC%20RELATIONS.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230194831/http://www.mfa.gov.bz/images/documents/DIPLOMATIC%20RELATIONS.pdf |archive-date=30 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Both countries are full members of [[Organization of American States]].

|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Bolivia}}||<!--Date started-->14 September 1883|| {{main|Bolivia–Venezuela relations}}
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 1883. Currently both countries are part of the [[Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America]] (ALBA-TCP).
* Bolivia has an embassy in Caracas.
* Venezuela has an embassy in [[La Paz]].

|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Brazil}}||<!--Date started-->|| {{main|Brazil–Venezuela relations}}
[[File:Fórum Social Mundial 2008 - AL.jpg|thumb|Meeting of South American Presidents in Brazil in 2009. [[Lula da Silva]] of Brazil is in the center, and [[Hugo Chávez]] of Venezuela furthest right.]]
In 2001 Venezuela and Brazil opened a high-voltage power line between the two countries to supply electricity from Venezuela to energy-starved northern Brazil. The line provides cheap hydro-electric power to Brazil and also earns Venezuela tens of millions of dollars every year.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1492788.stm | work=BBC News | title=Brazilian economy slows | date=15 August 2001 | access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref>

In 2007 Brazil and Venezuela pledged closer trade and energy ties, including building a new oil refinery in Brazil. The $4.5bn refinery scheme to be completed in 2010 will be 40%-owned by Venezuela's state oil firm PDVSA, while Brazil's national oil firm Petrobras will hold the rest.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7143728.stm | work=BBC News | title=Brazil and Venezuela link trade | date=14 December 2007 | access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref>

Venezuela purchased 1,500 tonnes of coffee beans from Brazil on 10 August 2009 after falling out with Colombia over its decision to allow an increased United States presence in its military bases.<ref name="Venezuela shops in Argentina after Colombia spat"/>

On 18 June 2015, a mission of Brazilian senators led by Sen. [[Aécio Neves]] (mostly composed by opposition legislatives to Pres. [[Dilma Rousseff]]) flew to Caracas with interest to visit Venezuelan prisoner [[Leopoldo López]] and families of victims of the protests against President Nicolás Maduro. About a kilometer away from the [[Simón Bolívar International Airport (Venezuela)|Simón Bolívar International Airport]], the vehicle carrying the senators was prevented to continue the trip after being stopped and surrounded by government protesters.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/brazil/11686436/Brazilian-senators-forced-out-of-Venezuela-after-failed-solidarity-mission.html | newspaper=The Telegraph | title=Brazilian senators forced out of Venezuela after failed solidarity mission | date=19 June 2015 | access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> Finally, the Brazilian senators decided to return to Brazil on the same day. The legislative houses Câmara dos Deputados and Senado Federal of Brazil issued motions of rejection to such events. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brazil issued an Official Note expressing his annoyance with the "unacceptable hostile acts" that occurred that day and asking for official explanations from the Government of Venezuela.

During the Brazilian government of President [[Jair Bolsonaro]] (2019-2022), Brazil cut off diplomatic relations with the current Venezuelan leftwing and disputed government of president [[Nicolás Maduro]]. Brazil downgraded its diplomatic relations with the ruling Venezuelan government. Brazil recognised Venezuelan opposition leader [[Juan Guaidó]] as the legitimate President of Venezuela.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/3/6/brazil-recalls-diplomats-officials-from-venezuela|title=Brazil recalls diplomats, officials from Venezuela|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> In April 2020, Brazil closed its embassy in Venezuela.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brazil closes its embassy in Venezuela to isolate the dictatorship |url=https://presidenciave.com/international/brazil-closes-its-embassy-in-venezuela-to-isolate-the-dictatorship/ |website=Presidencia Venezuela |language=es |date=16 April 2020 |access-date=5 December 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205171630/https://presidenciave.com/international/brazil-closes-its-embassy-in-venezuela-to-isolate-the-dictatorship/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> in 2022, relations were re-established before the presidency of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 December 2022 |title=Brazil President-elect Lula to restart diplomatic relations with Venezuela |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-president-elect-lula-restart-diplomatic-relations-with-venezuela-2022-12-14/ |access-date=17 April 2024 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

* Brazil has an embassy in Caracas.
* Venezuela has an embassy in [[Brasília]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Canada}}||<!--Date started-->January 1953|| {{main|Canada–Venezuela relations}}

Venezuela and Canada have had diplomatic relations since January 1953. The relations between the two countries have been based on mutual commercial interests; especially in technology, oil and gas industry, telecommunications and others.

Venezuela is Canada's second largest export market in South America for goods as well as for services.<ref>''The Canadian Embassy in Venezuela –The Canadian Trade Commissioner Service in Caracas'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20021016093907/http://www.infoexport.gc.ca/ie-en/Office.jsp?oid=56] Accessed 18 December 2007</ref> In 2006, goods exports from Canada increased by 14% and the cumulative stock of Canadian investments in Venezuela amounted to $574 million.<ref>''The Canadian Embassy in Venezuela –The Canadian Trade Commissioner Service'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20021016093907/http://www.infoexport.gc.ca/ie-en/Office.jsp?oid=56] Accessed 18 December 2007</ref>

In January 2019, Canada recognized and endorsed [[Juan Guaidó]]'s position at the interim President of Venezuela.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2019/01/canada-recognizes-the-interim-president-of-venezuela.html|title=Canada recognizes the interim President of Venezuela|first=Global Affairs|last=Canada|date=24 January 2019|website=gcnws}}</ref> In June 2019, Canada closed its embassy in [[Caracas]] due to diplomatic visas unable to be renewed under President Maduro's government.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-venezuela-embassy-1.5159498| title = Canada closes its embassy in Venezuela}}</ref>

* Canada is accredited to Venezuela from its embassy in Bogotá, Colombia.
* Venezuela has an embassy in [[Ottawa]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Chile}}||<!--Date started-->|| {{main|Chile–Venezuela relations}}

* Chile has an embassy in Caracas and a consulate in Puerto Ordaz.
* Venezuela has an embassy in [[Santiago]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Colombia}}||<!--Date started-->10 June 1833

| {{main|Colombia-Venezuela relations}}

In the 20th century the relationship with Colombia evolved with ups and downs, mostly regarding the Colombia-Venezuela maritime territory dispute over the [[Gulf of Venezuela]]. The lowest point in the relationship occurred on 19 August 1987 after the Colombian [[Corvette]] ARC Caldas (FM-52) trespassed into disputed waters and then President of Venezuela, [[Jaime Lusinchi]] ordered the [[Venezuelan Air Force]] to the area and coerced the Colombians. The standoff was resolved through diplomatic channels but the dispute remained.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tessieri |first=Enrique |title=Latin America's unresolved border disputes |url=http://www.tessieri.net/texts/latam.html |publisher=Enrique Tessieri |access-date=26 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009153254/http://www.tessieri.net/texts/latam.html |archive-date=9 October 2007 |url-status=dead  }}  Published in ''Power in Latin America'' (Issue 129/2004)</ref>

One of the main issues has been the large wave of Colombians that migrated to Venezuela in the 1970s and 1980s, working primarily in low-end jobs. Many Colombian immigrants were imprisoned in Venezuela under deplorable conditions, faced discrimination and endured [[human rights]] violations.<ref>{{cite news|last=Penalosa Pinzon |first=Arturo |title=Santa Ana, infierno de presos en Venezuela |url=http://www.eltiempo.com/justicia/2007-12-17/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-3862781.html |newspaper=El Tiempo |access-date=17 December 2007 |language=es }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The [[Colombian armed conflict]] has also provoked impasses between the two countries. Military illegal incursions by the two countries' military forces into each other's territory have been frequent since the conflict in Colombia escalated in the 1980s, which subsequently triggered forced displacements in Colombia and into Venezuela. Illegally armed groups also trespassed into Venezuela to commit crimes. Contraband flows from one territory to another depending on supply and demand along the shared porous border of {{convert|1375|mi|km|-1}}.  Illegal products range from gasoline, [[illegal drug trade in Colombia|drugs]] and weapons to stolen cars. Since 2002, the relationship between Colombia and Venezuela has fluctuated due to the ideological differences that separate Hugo Chávez and [[Álvaro Uribe]]. The relationship between the two countries once again reached a low point in November 2007 after a failed effort to achieve a [[humanitarian exchange]], causing the relations to freeze.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ramirez |first=Socorro |title=Colombia –Venezuela: construir canales de comunicación para prevenir el conflicto |url=http://www.analitica.com/va/hispanica/colombia_paz/1417173.asp |publisher=Analitica.com |date=19 December 2000 |access-date=26 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215085321/http://www.analitica.com/va/hispanica/colombia_paz/1417173.asp |archive-date=15 December 2007 |language=es |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

Following the revelation in 2009 that Colombia wanted to allow the United States to use it military bases, relations between Colombia and Venezuela soured, with Venezuela opting to shop in countries such as Argentina and Brazil.<ref name="Venezuela shops in Argentina after Colombia spat" /> Trade between the two countries was worth $7 billion in 2008.<ref name="Venezuela shops in Argentina after Colombia spat" /> In August 2009 Venezuela recalled an envoy from Bogotá over accusations Venezuela had provided arms to Colombian rebels, halted the import of Colombian cars and banned a Colombian energy firm from Venezuela's oil-rich Orinoco region.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8186767.stm | work=BBC News | title=Chavez turns up heat on Colombia | date=6 August 2009 | access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref>

In 2010 the [[2010 Colombia-Venezuela diplomatic crisis]] saw Colombia and Venezuela recall their ambassadors amid allegations by Colombia that Venezuela was actively permitting and supporting FARC/ELN camps on its side of the border. Assisted by [[UNASUR]] mediation, the crisis was resolved shortly after the inauguration of new Colombian President [[Juan Manuel Santos]]. Santos made efforts to repair his relationship with Chávez in the months following taking office.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/11/16/colombia.extradition/ | publisher=CNN | title=Colombia: Suspected drug lord will be sent to Venezuela, not U.S | date=16 November 2010|access-date=31 July 2012}}</ref>

In February 2019, Venezuelan leader [[Nicolás Maduro]] cut off diplomatic ties with Colombia, after the [[2019 shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela|failed shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela]] that year. Following the election of Colombian President [[Gustavo Petro]], the two countries restored diplomatic ties in August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-29 |title=Venezuela and Colombia restore diplomatic ties after three years |url=https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20220829-venezuela-and-colombia-restore-diplomatic-ties-after-3-years |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Cuba}}||<!--Date started-->|| {{main|Cuba–Venezuela relations}}

Relations between Cuba and Venezuela have significantly improved during the [[Presidency of Hugo Chávez]]. Chávez formed a major alliance with Cuba's leadership and significant trade relationship with Cuba since his election in 1999.<ref name=BRITANNICA>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9403289/Cuba|title=Cuba|author=Erikson, Daniel P.|access-date=10 June 2008|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]}}</ref> Chávez described Cuban President [[Fidel Castro]] as his mentor<ref name=DNAWAHC>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1043203&pageid=0|title=The world according to Hugo Chávez|date=22 July 2006|access-date=8 June 2008|newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618232327/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1043203&pageid=0|archive-date=18 June 2008}}</ref> and called Cuba "a revolutionary democracy".<ref name=BBCVEUCV>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4179050.stm|title=Venezuela ends upbeat Cuba visit|date=24 August 2005|access-date=9 June 2008|work=BBC News | first=Stephen | last=Gibbs}}</ref>

The bilateral relation includes development aid, joint business ventures, large financial transactions, exchange of energy resources (for example discounted Venezuelan oil in exchange for Cuban doctors) and information technology, and cooperation in the fields of intelligence service and military. Both nations are delivering assets which are inexpensive for the sending country but of high significance for the receiving country.<ref name=LE>{{cite web|url=http://www.coverthistory.com/2012/04/02/the-logic-of-extremism-how-chavez-gains-by-giving-cuba-so-much/|title=The Logic of Extremism: How Chávez Gains by Giving Cuba So Much|author=Javier Corrales, [[Amherst College]]|format=PDF|access-date=8 June 2008|publisher=Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies≈≈≈, [[University of Connecticut]]}}</ref>
* Cuba has an embassy in Caracas and a consulate-general in [[Valencia, Carabobo|Valencia]].
* Venezuela has an embassy in [[Havana]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Ecuador}}|| || {{main|Ecuador–Venezuela relations}}

|- valign="top"
|{{flag|El Salvador}}||<!--Date started-->||{{Main|El Salvador–Venezuela relations}}
* El Salvador has an embassy in Caracas.
* Venezuela has an embassy in [[San Salvador]].
In November 2019, the Venezuelan government expelled El Salvador's diplomats in a reciprocal move after El Salvador had expelled Venezuelan diplomats.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/venezuela-expels-salvadoran-diplomats-in-retaliatory-move/articleshow/71886461.cms|title=Venezuela expels Salvadoran diplomats in retaliatory move|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=27 December 2019|agency=Ist}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Guatemala}}||<!--Date started-->22 June 1891 
'''(Relations severed 2020)'''
|{{Main|Guatemala–Venezuela relations}}
* In 2020, Guatemalan President [[Alejandro Giammattei]] announced it would sever ties with Venezuela, prompting to close its embassy both in [[Caracas]] and [[Guatemala City]], following the ongoing [[Venezuelan presidential crisis|presidential crisis]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menchu |first=Sofia |date=2020-01-17 |title=Guatemala's new president cuts ties with Venezuela, as promised |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-guatemala-politics-venezuela-idUSKBN1ZF2SB |access-date=2021-05-31 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Guyana}}||<!--Date started-->|| {{main|Guyana–Venezuela relations}}

There is [[Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute|a long-standing territorial dispute]] between the two countries over the area of [[Orinoco]] basin. Venezuela claimed more than half of the territory of the British colony of Guyana at the time of the [[Spanish American wars of independence|Latin American wars of independence]], a dispute that was settled by arbitration in 1899. In 1962 Venezuela declared that it would no longer abide by the arbitration decision, which ceded mineral-rich territory in the [[Orinoco]] basin to Guyana. The area is called "Guayana Esequiba" by Venezuela. A border commission was set up in 1966 with representatives from Guyana, Venezuela and Great Britain, but failed to reach agreement. Venezuela vetoed Guyana's bid to become a member of the [[Organization of American States]] (OAS) in 1967. In 1969 Venezuela backed an abortive uprising in the disputed area.

Under intense diplomatic pressure, Venezuela agreed in 1970 to a 12-year moratorium on the dispute with the Protocol of [[Port-of-Spain]]. In 1981, Venezuela refused to renew the protocol. However, with changes to the governments of both countries relations improved, to the extent that in 1990 Venezuela sponsored Guyana's bid for OAS membership.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=Relations with Venezuela
 |url=http://countrystudies.us/guyana/87.htm
 |publisher=U.S. Library of Congress
 |access-date=9 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.guyana.org/features/trail_diplomacy.html
 |title=The Trail Of Diplomacy
 |publisher=Guyana News and Information
 |access-date=9 June 2009}}</ref>
* Guyana has an embassy in Caracas.
* Venezuela has an embassy in [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Haiti}}||<!--Date started-->1864|| {{main|Haiti–Venezuela relations}}

* Haiti has an embassy in Caracas.
* Venezuela has an embassy in [[Port-au-Prince]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Jamaica}}||<!--Date started-->|| {{main|Jamaica–Venezuela relations}}

* Jamaica has an embassy in Caracas.
* Venezuela has an embassy in [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Mexico}}||<!--Date started-->8 September 1835|| {{main|Mexico–Venezuela relations}}

Historically the two countries have had good diplomatic relations. Ever since both countries became important players in the oil industry, some competitive tensions arose, eventually leading to disputes after [[Mexico]] signed an agreement to join [[NAFTA]]. During President [[Vicente Fox]]'s term in the early 2000s, ties between the two countries became critically strained to the point of recalling one another's ambassadors. It has been clear that diplomatic relations between both countries are not indefinitely severed, in recent years numerous groups and organizations, both in holistic and in land are working to restore the diplomatic relationship between the two countries, as they are of strategic economic and cultural importance within the region. In August 2007, after two years of diplomatic absence in either country, normal relations were re-established with the appointment of former foreign minister Roy Chaderton as Venezuela's envoy in Mexico City and the transfer of Jesús Mario Chacón Carrillo, formerly Mexican ambassador to Colombia, to Caracas.<ref>{{cite news|title=transfer of Jesús Mario Chacón Carrillo to Caracas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/marketing/iht/search/?iht |work=The New York Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117062917/http://www.nytimes.com/marketing/iht/search/?iht |archive-date=17 November 2014 }}</ref>
* Mexico has an embassy in Caracas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/venezuela/|title=Inicio|website=embamex.sre.gob.mx}}</ref>
* Venezuela has an embassy in [[Mexico City]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mexico.embajada.gob.ve/ |title=Embassy of Venezuela in Mexico City (in Spanish) |access-date=21 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113171232/http://mexico.embajada.gob.ve/ |archive-date=13 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Panama}}
|'''(Diplomatic relations severed 29 July 2024)'''
|{{Main|Panama–Venezuela relations}}
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Paraguay}}||<!--Date started-->7 August 1891|| {{main|Paraguay–Venezuela relations}}

Relations between Paraguay and Venezuela improved since Paraguay's new leftist [[President of Paraguay|President]] [[Fernando Lugo]] was inaugurated in 2008, a change from 61 unbroken years of [[Colorado Party (Paraguay)|Colorado party]] rule. President Lugo supported Venezuela's entry into [[Mercosur]]; however, the Colorado Party's influence in Paraguay's Congress and Senate did not support the move.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}

Paraguay and Venezuela restarted negotiations on an unpaid debt of $250 million<!--a guess. is this correct?---> owed by Paraguayan oil company [[Petropar]] to its counterpart [[Petróleos de Venezuela]] after the Presidents of Paraguay and Venezuela met to deal with the financing.<ref>[http://english.eluniversal.com/2009/09/03/en_eco_art_venezuela,-paraguay_03A2697727.shtml]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728033659/http://english.eluniversal.com/2009/09/03/en_eco_art_venezuela%2C-paraguay_03A2697727.shtml|date=28 July 2013}}</ref>

In September 2009 Paraguay's President [[Fernando Lugo]] revoked plans for US troops to hold joint military exercises and development projects. President Lugo referenced strong regional opposition from countries such as Venezuela, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia and Ecuador to the expansion of US military bases in Colombia in his decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2009/09/20099181720730677.html |title=Paraguay cancels US troops deal|publisher=Al Jazeera |date=18 September 2009 |access-date=31 July 2012}}</ref>

However, bilateral relations severed in January 2019 as Paraguayan President [[Mario Abdo Benítez]] announced that Paraguay will not recognize [[Nicolas Maduro]] as [[Venezuelan presidential crisis|Venezuela's elected president]]. Paraguay then decided to close its embassy, and withdraw diplomats “in defense of democracy”.<ref>{{Cite news | url= https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/paraguay-cuts-diplomatic-ties-with-venezuela/1361558 | title= Paraguay cuts diplomatic ties with Venezuela | publisher=Anadolu Agency |date=2019-01-11}}</ref><ref name="OAS16">{{cite web |title=OAS Member States Issue Joint Statement on Venezuela |url=https://usoas.usmission.gov/oas-member-states-issue-joint-statement-on-venezuela/|website=US Mission to the [[Organization of American States]]|date=24 January 2019 |publisher=[[United States State Department]] |access-date=2019-08-14|quote=The delegations of Argentina, Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, the United States, Honduras, Guatemala, Haiti, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and the Dominican Republic reaffirm the right to democracy enjoyed by the peoples of the Americas ... In this context, we recognize and express our full support to the President of the National Assembly, Juan Guaidó, who has assumed the role of President in charge of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, in accordance with the constitutional norms and the illegitimacy of the Nicolás Maduro regime.}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/10/venezuela-president-nicolas-maduro-begins-second-term|title=Maduro starts new Venezuela term by accusing US of imperialist 'world war'|last=Phillips|first=Tom|date=2019-01-10|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2019-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111044423/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/10/venezuela-president-nicolas-maduro-begins-second-term|archive-date=2019-01-11|url-status=live}}</ref>

Diplomatic relations were re-established on 15 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2023 |title=Paraguay restablece relaciones diplomáticas con Venezuela. |url=https://twitter.com/mreparaguay/status/1724819572103008345 |access-date=15 November 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Peru}}||<!--Date started-->20 December 1833 '''(Relations severed July 2024)'''||{{main|Peru–Venezuela relations}}
In October 2021, the new leftist government of Peru re-established diplomatic relations with the Venezuelan government of President [[Nicolás Maduro|Nicolas Maduro]] after four years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Venezuela and Peru reestablish diplomatic relations after almost four years of intermittent communications |url=https://marketresearchtelecast.com/venezuela-and-peru-reestablish-diplomatic-relations-after-almost-four-years-of-intermittent-communications/179967/ |work=Market Research Telecast |date=16 October 2021 |access-date=20 January 2022 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120154243/https://marketresearchtelecast.com/venezuela-and-peru-reestablish-diplomatic-relations-after-almost-four-years-of-intermittent-communications/179967/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Both embassies were closed after ties were cut off in July 2024.<ref name="peru_venezuela"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/venezuela/2024/07/31/el-regimen-de-nicolas-maduro-rompio-relaciones-diplomaticas-con-peru/|work=[[Infobae]]|date=30 July 2024|access-date=16 September 2024|language=es|title=El régimen de Nicolás Maduro rompió relaciones diplomáticas con Perú}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}||<!--Date started-->|| {{main|Trinidad and Tobago-Venezuela Relations}}

To the people of Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela has been a neighbor initially because of the geographical location of the two countries, however over time the geographical  and human resources of both countries have allowed for changes in the relationship. Also both countries have had a longstanding diplomatic relationship whereby an embassy was established as far back as 1987 if not earlier.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

One of the articles of The Double Taxation Relief (Venezuela)Order 1999 – (Legal Notice #348 of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago) allowed for the protection for the fiscal privileges of diplomatic agents or consular officers.<ref name="Income Tax">http://www.ird.gov.tt/Media/Default/IRDTreaties/DTT-Venezuela--1997.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> The Double Taxation Relief (Venezuela) Order 1999 was issued in the English and Spanish languages with each version being equally authentic. Attached to the Convention was a Protocol, both of which (Convention and Protocol) were done on 31st day of July 1996, and both of which were signed by Ralph Maraj for the Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and by Angel Burelli Rivas for the Government of the Republic of Venezuela. The Protocol included the following details "M Look Loy Acting Secretary to Cabinet on 30th day of December 1997".{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

The purpose of the Protocol was for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion and Avoidance with respect to taxes on income and for the Encouragement of International Trade and Investment and included four clauses which "shall be an integral part of the Convention."<ref name="Income Tax" />
* Trinidad and Tobago has an embassy in Caracas.
* Venezuela has an embassy in [[Port of Spain]].
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|{{flag|United States}}|| || {{main|United States–Venezuela relations}}

United States-Venezuela relations have traditionally been close, characterized by an important trade and investment relationship and cooperation in combating the production and transit of [[Recreational drug use|illegal drugs]]. Recently, there has been tension between the two countries since the election of Presidents Hugo Chávez of Venezuela and [[George W. Bush]] of the United States and strong criticism of US politics and military activity; the [[United Socialist Party of Venezuela|Socialist United Party]] was the only group which condemned the [[Death of Osama Bin Laden|killing of Osama Bin Laden]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/may/2/venezuela-vp-slams-bin-laden-murder/ |title=Venezuela VP slams bin Laden 'murder' |author=Ben Birnbaum |date=2 May 2011 |work=The Washington Times |access-date=31 July 2012}} "It surprises me to no end how natural crime and murder has become, how it is celebrated. At least before, imperialist governments were more subtle. Now the death of anyone, based on what they are accused of, but not only those working outside of the law like bin Laden, but also presidents, the families of presidents, are openly celebrated by the leaders of the nations that bomb them."</ref>

====The Roosevelt Corollary and Dollar Diplomacy====
The [[Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903]] saw a [[naval blockade]] of several months imposed against Venezuela by [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[Germany]] and [[Italy]] over President [[Cipriano Castro]]'s refusal to pay foreign debts and damages suffered by European citizens in a recent Venezuelan civil war. Castro assumed that the United States' [[Monroe Doctrine]] would see the US prevent European military intervention, but at the time the US saw the Doctrine as concerning European seizure of territory, rather than intervention per se. Though [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Elihu Root]] characterized Castro as "a crazy brute", President [[Theodore Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] was concerned with the prospects of penetration into the region by the [[German Empire]]. With Castro failing to back down, US pressure and increasingly negative British and American press reaction to the affair, the blockading nations agreed to a compromise, but maintained the blockade during negotiations over the details. This incident was a major stimulus behind the [[Roosevelt Corollary]] and the subsequent U.S. policy of [[Dollar Diplomacy]] in Latin America.

During the presidency of [[Juan Vicente Gómez]], petroleum was discovered under [[Lake Maracaibo]].  Gómez managed to deflate Venezuela's staggering debt by granting concessions to foreign oil companies, which won him the support of the United States and the European powers.  The growth of the domestic oil industry strengthened the economic ties between the U.S. and Venezuela.

====Bolivarian Revolution====
{{Further|Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez government}}
[[File:Hillary Clinton and Hugo Chavez.png|thumb|Hugo Chávez meeting U.S. Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] at the [[Summit of the Americas]], April 2009.]]
After [[Hugo Chávez]] was elected [[President of Venezuela]], the long-standing and close diplomatic relationship between [[Venezuela]] and the United States deteriorated. Chávez's stance as an [[OPEC]] price hawk raised the price of oil for the United States. His public friendship and significant trade relationship with Cuba conflicted with the [[U.S. foreign policy]] of isolating Cuba. Long-running ties between the [[Military of the United States|U.S.]] and Venezuelan militaries were severed.  Chávez was intensely critical of [[Economy of the United States|U.S. economic]] and foreign policy: in Iraq, [[Haiti]], [[Kosovo]], [[Free Trade Area of the Americas]] and in numerous other areas. Chávez accused the United States of [[American imperialism|acting like an empire]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/americas/09/20/chavez.un/index.html | publisher=CNN | title=Chavez: Bush 'devil'; U.S. 'on the way down' |date=21 September 2006 | access-date=31 July 2012}}</ref> Chávez also accused the US of involvement in, or at least foreknowledge of, the [[2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt]].

According to Business Insider's edition of July 2015, Venezuela was seeking to re-establish diplomatic ties with the United States of America, "Maduro made the first move in March (2015) – around three months after Washington and Havana announced on 17 Dec they were seeking to restore diplomatic ties – by requesting a "direct channel of communication" with U.S. President Barack Obama and the State Department, said the official.<ref>Business Insider http://www.businessinsider.com/united-states-moving-to-restore-diplomatic-relations-with-venezuela-2015-7</ref>
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|{{flag|Uruguay}}||<!--Date started-->|| {{main|Uruguay–Venezuela relations}}

* Uruguay has an embassy in Caracas.
* Venezuela has an embassy in [[Montevideo]].

In September 2020, the Foreign Minister of the Uruguayan center-right government of President [[Luis Lacalle Pou]] said that the Venezuelan [[Nicolás Maduro]] regime is a dictatorship and that Uruguay would no longer encourage dialogue with the Maduro regime.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dialogo-americas.com/articles/uruguay-says-venezuela-is-a-dictatorship-and-will-discontinue-talks-with-maduro/|title=Uruguay Says Venezuela Is a Dictatorship and Will Discontinue Talks with Maduro &#124; Diálogo Americas|date=9 September 2020 }}</ref>
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