Editing Flynn effect (section)

===Intelligence===
{{See also|g factor (psychometrics)|Intelligence (trait)}}
There is debate about whether the rise in IQ scores also corresponds to a rise in general intelligence, or only a rise in special skills related to taking IQ tests. Because children attend school longer now and have become much more familiar with the testing of school-related material, one might expect the greatest gains to occur on such school content-related tests as [[vocabulary]], [[arithmetic]] or general information. Just the opposite is the case: abilities such as these have experienced relatively small gains and even occasional decreases over the years. Meta-analytic findings indicate that Flynn effects occur for tests assessing both fluid and crystallized abilities. For example, Dutch conscripts gained 21 points during only 30 years, or 7 points per decade, between 1952 and 1982.<ref name="Neisser97"/> This rise in IQ test scores is not wholly explained by an increase in general intelligence. Studies have shown that while test scores have improved over time, the improvement is not fully correlated with latent factors related to intelligence.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Must O, Must A, Raudik V | year = 2003 | title = The secular rise in IQs: In Estonia, the Flynn effect is not a Jensen effect | journal = [[Intelligence (journal)|Intelligence]] | volume = 31 | issue = 5 | pages = 461–71 | doi = 10.1016/S0160-2896(03)00013-8 | url = http://www.iapsych.com/iqmr/fe/LinkedDocuments/Must2003.pdf | access-date = September 13, 2011 | archive-date = October 11, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171011193700/http://www.iapsych.com/iqmr/fe/LinkedDocuments/Must2003.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> Other researchers argue that the IQ gains described by the Flynn effect are due in part to increasing intelligence, and in part to increases in test-specific skills.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Wicherts, J.M. |author2=Dolan, C.V. |author3=Hessen, D.J. |author4=Oosterveld, P. |author5=Baal, G.C.M. van |author6=Boomsma, D.I. |author7=Span, M.M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |title=Are intelligence tests measurement invariant over time? Investigating the nature of the Flynn effect |journal=[[Intelligence (journal)|Intelligence]] |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=509537 |url=http://users.fmg.uva.nl/jwicherts/wicherts2004.pdf |doi=10.1016/j.intell.2004.07.002 |quote=The overall conclusion of the present paper is that factorial invariance with respect to cohorts is not tenable . . . . The fact that the gains cannot be explained solely by increases at the level of the latent variables (common factors), which IQ tests purport to measure, should not sit well with explanations that appeal solely to changes at the level of the latent variables. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050529034027/http://users.fmg.uva.nl/jwicherts/wicherts2004.pdf |archive-date=May 29, 2005  |citeseerx=10.1.1.207.4350 }}</ref><ref name=Nijenhuis04>{{cite journal | vauthors= Te Nijenhuis J, De Jong MJ, Evers A, Van Der Flier H | title= Are cognitive differences between immigrant and majority groups diminishing? | journal= [[European Journal of Personality]] | year= 2004 | volume= 18 | issue= 5 | pages= 405–34 | doi= 10.1002/per.511 | s2cid= 4806581 | url= https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/1957002/Nijenhuis%20European%20Journal%20of%20Personality%2018%202004%20u.pdf | access-date= November 10, 2019 | archive-date= February 21, 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210221012426/https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/1957002/Nijenhuis%20European%20Journal%20of%20Personality%2018%202004%20u.pdf | url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Secular Gains in Fluid Intelligence: Evidence from the Culture-Fair Intelligence Test |vauthors=Colom R, Garcia-Lopez O| journal= [[Journal of Biosocial Science]] | year= 2003 | volume= 35 | pages= 33–39 | doi= 10.1017/S0021932003000336 | pmid= 12537154 | issue= 1|s2cid=24493926}}</ref> One study suggested that the IQ gains reflected changes in modes of thinking that better reflected cognitive skills assessed by IQ tests rather than raw intelligence itself.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flynn |first1=James Robert |last2=Te Nijenhuis |author2-link= Jan te Nijenhuis |first2=Jan |last3=Metzen |first3=Daniel |date=May–June 2014 |title=The g beyond Spearman's g: Flynn's paradoxes resolved using four exploratory meta-analyses |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160289614000105 |journal=[[Intelligence (journal)|Intelligence]] |volume=44 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1016/j.intell.2014.01.009 |access-date=2 July 2023}}</ref>