Editing First Vatican Council (section)

== {{lang|la|Pastor aeternus}} ==
{{Main|Pastor aeternus}}
[[File:Eclesiásticos de varios países reunidos en Roma con Motivo del Concilio.jpg|thumb|[[Hierarchy of the Catholic Church|Catholic ecclesiastics]] from various countries gathered in Rome for the council]]

There was stronger opposition to the draft constitution on the nature of the church, which at first did not include the question of papal infallibility,{{sfn|"First Vatican Council"|2014}} but the majority party in the council, whose position on this matter was much stronger,{{sfn|Burton|Woodruff|2014}} brought it forward. It was decided to postpone discussion of everything in the draft except infallibility.{{sfn|Burton|Woodruff|2014}} The decree did not go forward without controversy; Cardinal [[Filippo Maria Guidi]], Archbishop of Bologna, proposed adding that the pope is assisted by "the counsel of the bishops manifesting the tradition of the churches". Pius IX rejected Guidi's view of the bishops as witnesses to the tradition, maintaining: "I am the tradition."{{sfn|Duffy|2014|loc=loc.&nbsp;5428–5439}}

On 13 July 1870, a preliminary vote on the section on infallibility was held in a general congregation: 451 voted simply in favour ({{lang|la|placet}}), 88 against ({{lang|la|non placet}}), and 62 in favour but on condition of some amendment ({{lang|la|placet iuxta modum}}).{{sfn|Hughes|1961|pp=342, 362}} This made evident what the outcome would be, and some 60 members of the opposition left Rome so as not to be associated with approval of the document. The final vote, with a choice only between {{lang|la|placet}} and {{lang|la|non placet}}, was taken on 18 July 1870, with 533 votes in favour and only 2 against defining as a dogma the infallibility of the pope when speaking {{lang|la|ex cathedra}}.{{sfn|"First Vatican Council"|2014}} The two votes in opposition were cast by Bishops [[Aloisio Riccio]] and [[Edward Fitzgerald (bishop)|Edward Fitzgerald]].{{sfnm |1a1=Hughes |1y=1961 |1pp=364, 381 |2a1=Kirch |2y=1912 |2p=307}}

The dogmatic constitution states, in chapter 4:9, that the pope has "full and supreme power of jurisdiction over the whole Church" (chapter 3:9); and that, when he:{{blockquote|speaks {{lang|la|ex cathedra}}, that is, when, in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church, he possesses, by the divine assistance promised to him in blessed Peter, that infallibility which the divine Redeemer willed his Church to enjoy in defining doctrine concerning faith or morals.|author=|title=|source=}}

None of the bishops who had argued that proclaiming the definition was inopportune refused to accept it. Some Catholics, mainly of German language and largely inspired by the historian [[Ignaz von Döllinger]], formed the separate [[Old Catholic Church]] in protest; von Döllinger did not formally join the new group himself.{{sfn|Hennesey|2009}}