Editing Finno-Ugric languages (section)

==Common vocabulary==

===Loanwords===
One argument in favor of the Finno-Ugric grouping has come from [[loanword]]s. Several loans from the [[Indo-Iranian languages]] are present in most or all of the Finno-Ugric branches, while being absent from Samoyedic. However, the majority of them have irregular sound correspondences and have  a limted distrubution, suggesting that they were borrowed after Uralic had already diversified into its nine branches.<ref>Aikio, A. (2022). Proto-Uralic and its offspring . In M. Bakró-Nagy, J. Laakso, & E. Skribnik (Eds.), The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages (p. 30). Oxford University Press.</ref>

===Numbers===
The [[number system]]s among the Finno-Ugric languages are particularly distinct from the Samoyedic languages: only the numerals "2", "5", and "7" have cognates in Samoyedic, while also the numerals, "1", "3", "4", "6", "10" are shared by all or most Finno-Ugric languages.

Below are the numbers 1 to 10 in several Finno-Ugric languages. Forms in ''italic'' do not descend from the reconstructed forms.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2"| Number
! colspan="4"| [[Finnic languages|Baltic Finnic]]
! colspan="2"| [[Sámi languages|Sámi]]
! colspan="2"| [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvinic]]
!| [[Mari languages|Mari]]
!| [[Permic languages|Permic]]
! colspan="3"| [[Ugric languages|Ugric]]
! rowspan="2"| Proto-<br>Finno-<br>Ugric
|-
! [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
! [[Estonian language|Estonian]]
! [[Võro language|Võro]]
! [[Livonian language|Livonian]]
! [[Northern Sámi]]
! [[Inari Sámi language|Inari Sámi]]
! [[Erzya language|Erzya]]
! [[Moksha language|Moksha]]
! [[Meadow Mari language|Meadow Mari]]
! [[Komi Zyrian language|Komi-Zyrian]]
! [[Mansi language|Mansi]]
! [[Khanty language|Khanty]]
! [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
|-
| 1
| {{lang|fi|italic=no|yksi}}<br/>gen. {{lang|fi|italic=no|yhden}}, part. {{lang|fi|italic=no|yhtä}}
| {{lang|et|italic=no|üks}}<br/>gen. {{lang|et|italic=no|ühe}}, part. {{lang|et|italic=no|üht(e)}}
| {{lang|vro|italic=no|ütś}}
| {{lang|liv|italic=no|ikš}}
| {{lang|se|italic=no|okta}}
| {{lang|smn|italic=no|ohtâ}}
| {{transliteration|myv|italic=no|vejke}}
| {{transliteration|mdf|italic=no|fkä}}
| ik/ikyt/iktyt/ikte
| öťi
| akwa
| i
| {{lang|hu|egy}}<ref>According to {{cite book| last = Zaich| first = Gábor| title = Etimológiai szótár| year = 2006| language = hu| isbn = 978-963-7094-01-9| page = 167 | publisher = Tinta}}, the Hungarian word for "one" is an internal development, i.e. it is not related to the Proto-Finno-Ugric {{lang|fiu|*ükte}}</ref>
| {{lang|fiu|italic=no|*ükti/äkti}}
|-
| 2
| kaksi<br>gen. kahden, part. kahta
| kaks<br>gen. kahe, part. kaht(e)
| katś
| kakš
| guokte
| kyeh´ti
| kavto
| kaftə
| kok/kokyt/koktyt
| kyk
| ''kitig''
| ''kat''
| ''kettő/két''
| *kVkta/kVktä
|-
| 3
| kolme
| kolm
| kolm
| kuolm
| golbma
| kulmâ
| kolmo
| kolmə
| kum/kumyt
| kuim
| xūrum
| xołəm
| három, harm-
| *kolmi/kulmi/kurmi
|-
| 4
| neljä
| neli
| nelli
| nēļa
| njeallje
| nelji
| ńiľe
| ńiľä
| nyl/nylyt
| ńoľ
| ńila
| ńał
| négy
| *neljä
|-
| 5
| viisi
| viis
| viiś
| vīž
| vihtta
| vittâ
| veƭe
| veťä
| vič/vizyt
| vit
| at
| wet
| öt
| *wij(i)t(t)i
|-
| 6
| kuusi
| kuus
| kuuś
| kūž
| guhtta
| kuttâ
| koto
| kotə
| kud/kudyt
| kvajt
| xōt
| xot
| hat
| *kuw(V)t(t)i
|-
| 7
| seitsemän
| seitse
| säidse
| seis
| čieža
| čiččâm
| śiśem
| śiśäm
| šym/šymyt
| śiźim
| sāt
| łapət
| hét
| śäjśimä/śä(j)ććimä
|-
| 8
| kahdeksan
| kaheksa
| katõsa
| kōdõks
| gávcci
| käävci
| kavkso
| kafksə
| kandaš/kandaše
| kökjamys
| ńololow
| niwł
| nyolc
| N/A
|-
| 9
| yhdeksän
| üheksa
| ütesä
| īdõks
| ovcci
| oovce
| vejkse
| veçksə
| indeš/indeše
| ökmys
| ontolow
| jarťaŋ
| kilenc
| N/A
|-
| 10
| ''kymmenen''
| ''kümme''
| ''kümme''
| ''kim''
| logi
| love
| ''kemeń''
| ''keməń''
| lu
| das
| low
| jaŋ
| ''tíz''
| luka
|}

The number '2' descends in Ugric from a front-vocalic variant *kektä.

The numbers '9' and '8' in Finnic through Mari are considered to be derived from the numbers '1' and '2' as '10–1' and '10–2'. One reconstruction is *''yk+teksa'' and *''kak+teksa'', respectively, where *''teksa'' cf. ''deka'' is an Indo-European loan; the difference between /t/ and /d/ is not phonemic, unlike in Indo-European. Another analysis is *''ykt-e-ksa'', *''kakt-e-ksa'', with *''e'' being the negative verb.

===Finno-Ugric Swadesh lists===
100-word [[Swadesh list]]s for certain Finno-Ugric languages can be compared and contrasted at the [[Rosetta Project]] website:
[https://web.archive.org/web/20050309213457/http://64.81.54.21:8080/live/search/contribute/swadesh/view?ethnocode=FIN Finnish], [https://web.archive.org/web/20051025191808/http://64.81.54.21:8080/live/search/contribute/swadesh/view?ethnocode=EST Estonian], [https://web.archive.org/web/20051023224839/http://64.81.54.21:8080/live/search/contribute/swadesh/view?ethnocode=HNG Hungarian], and [https://web.archive.org/web/20051023225428/http://64.81.54.21:8080/live/search/contribute/swadesh/view?ethnocode=MYV Erzya].