Editing Festival (section)

==Types of festivals==
The scale of festivals varies; in location and attendance, they may range from a local to national level.{{sfn|Cudny|2016|p=15}}<ref name=":2" /> Music festivals, for example, often bring together disparate groups of people, such that they are both localised and global.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1105916920 |title=Music Practices Across Borders : (E)Valuating Space, Diversity and Exchange |date=2019 |publisher=Transcript |isbn=978-3-8394-4667-6 |editor-last=Hondros |editor-first=Konstantin |location= |pages=86 |oclc=1105916920 |editor-last2=Silva |editor-first2=Glaucia Peres da |access-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130718/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1105916920 |url-status=live }}</ref> The "vast majority" of festivals are, however, local, modest and populist.<ref name=":4" /> The abundance of festivals significantly hinders quantifying the total there of.<ref name=":3" /> There exists significant variation among festivals, beyond binary dichotomies of sacred and secular, rural and urban, people and establishment.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Waterman |first=Stanley |date=1998 |title=Carnivals for elites? The cultural politics of arts festivals |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/030913298672233886 |journal=Progress in Human Geography |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=54–74 |doi=10.1191/030913298672233886 |s2cid=144867877 |issn=0309-1325}}</ref>

===Religious festivals===
{{main|Religious festival}}
Among many [[religion]]s, a feast is a set of celebrations in honour of [[God]] or [[gods]].<ref name="Bleeker">{{Cite book |last=Bleeker |first=Claas Jouco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35M3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA29 |title=Egyptian Festivals: Enactments of Religious Renewal |date=1967 |publisher=Brill Archive |language=en |access-date=August 27, 2022 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130716/https://books.google.com/books?id=35M3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA29 |url-status=live }}</ref> A feast and a festival are historically interchangeable. Most religions have festivals that recur annually and some, such as [[Passover]], Easter, and Eid al-Adha are [[moveable feast]]s – that is, those that are determined either by lunar or agricultural cycles or the calendar in use at the time. The [[Sed festival]], for example, celebrated the thirtieth year of an Egyptian [[pharaoh]]'s rule and then every three (or four in one case) years after that.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Heb-Sed (Egyptian feast)|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/258986/Heb-Sed|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=16 April 2014|archive-date=May 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504215701/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/258986/Heb-Sed|url-status=live}}</ref> Among the [[Ashanti people|Ashantis]], most of their traditional festivals are linked to gazette sites which are believed to be sacred with several rich biological resources in their pristine forms. Thus, the annual commemoration of the festivals helps in maintaining the buoyancy of the conserved natural site, assisting in biodiversity conservation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robson|first=James P.|date=2007|title=Local approaches to biodiversity conservation: lessons from Oaxaca, southern Mexico|journal=International Journal of Sustainable Development|volume=10|issue=3|pages=267|doi=10.1504/ijsd.2007.017647|issn=0960-1406}}</ref> Vodoun days is also one of the religious festivals of Benin which invites surrounding countries like Togo and Ghana because of the almost identical culture and tradition. Vodoun days is a festival of Vodoun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Benin : the nationale vodun festival is now: "vodun days" |url=https ://globalvoices.org |website=www.globalvoices.org}}</ref> Even in Togo Godogbe za of Gblinkomegan is a traditional celebration based on ancestor worship. 

In the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[liturgical calendar]], there are two principal feasts, properly known as the Feast of the Nativity of our Lord (Christmas) and the Feast of the Resurrection (Easter), but minor [[patronal festivals|festivals in honour of local patron saints]] are celebrated in almost all countries influenced by Christianity. In the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox]], and [[Anglican]] liturgical calendars there are a great number of lesser feasts throughout the year commemorating saints, sacred events or doctrines. In the [[Philippines]], each day of the year has at least one specific religious festival, either from Catholic, Islamic, or indigenous origins.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calendar of Philippine Festivals and Monthly Observances / Theme {{!}} Tourism Promotions Board |url=https://www.tpb.gov.ph/tpb-calendar-of-promotions-and-marketing-activities/calendar-of-philippine-festivals-and-monthly-observances-theme/ |website=www.tpb.gov.ph |access-date=10 February 2023 |archive-date=September 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927171735/https://www.tpb.gov.ph/tpb-calendar-of-promotions-and-marketing-activities/calendar-of-philippine-festivals-and-monthly-observances-theme/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Hindus celebrate many festivals, such as [[Navaratri]], [[Holi]], [[Rama Navami]], [[Karva Chauth]], [[Diwali]], [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], [[Kartika Purnima]]; among others. Most Hindu festivals are not celebrated by all Hindus.<ref name=Encyclopedia></ref>{{rp|pages=226-227}} One example of a Hindu festival is [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], which is dedicated to the god [[Ganesha]] and is celebrated throughout India, but especially in [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=Encyclopedia>{{Cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbWazgEACAAJ |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M |date=2002 |publisher=Rosen |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|p=237}} During the festival, [[Murti|idols]] of the god Ganesha, traditionally made of clay, are worshipped, and on the same day or after 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 or 11 days, are immersed in water.<ref name=Business_Standard>{{cite web |author=Sonika Nitin Nimje |date=9 September 2024 |title=Ganesh Visarjan 2024: Why is Visarjan done on different days? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/ganesh-visarjan-2024-why-is-visarjan-done-on-different-days-view-details-124090900534_1.html |website=Business Standard |location=New Delhi |access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref> The public celebration of the festival, which includes a public procession, was promoted by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] as a means of asserting and celebrating a Hindu nationalist identity and to provide a sense of Hindu solidarity during the [[British Raj]].<ref name=Encyclopedia></ref>{{rp|pages=237-238,698}}<ref name=Barnouw>{{Cite journal |last=Barnouw |first=Victor |date=1954 |title=The Changing Character of a Hindu Festival |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/664633 |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=74–86 |doi=10.1525/aa.1954.56.1.02a00070 |jstor=664633 |issn=0002-7294|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] religious festivals, such as [[Esala Perahera]] are held in Sri Lanka and Thailand.<ref name=Gerson>{{cite book|last=Gerson|first=Ruth|title=Traditional festivals in Thailand|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Kuala Lumpur; New York|isbn=967-65-3111-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/traditionalfesti00gers}}</ref> The [[Sikh]] community celebrates the [[Vaisakhi]] festival marking the new year and birth of the [[Khalsa]].<ref name="Roy2005">{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Christian|title=Traditional Festivals, Vol. 2 &#91;M – Z&#93;: A Multicultural Encyclopedia|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-089-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/traditionalfesti0000royc/page/480 480]|chapter=Sikh Vaisakhi: Anniversary of the Pure|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/traditionalfesti0000royc/page/480}}</ref>

{{Gallery
|title=Religious festivals
|width=180
|height=150
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|File:Golden Haggadah cleaning.jpg|Cleaning in preparation for [[Passover]] ({{Circa|1320}})
|File:Radha celebrating Holi, c1788.jpg|Radha celebrating [[Holi]], Kangra, India (c1788)
|File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - A Christmas mass at the church of the holy Sepulchre, in Bethlehem (1).jpg|A [[Christmas]] mass at the [[Church of the Nativity]], in [[Bethlehem]], Palestine (1979)
|File:Mahoma en el castillo de Villena.JPG|Moors and Christian festival in [[Villena]], Spain
|File:Decoration_of_a_God_Krishna_in_India.jpg|Decoration of god Krishna on [[Krishnastami]] in India.
}}

===Arts festivals===
{{main|Arts festival}}
Among the many offspring of general arts festivals are also more specific types of festivals, including ones that showcase intellectual or creative achievement such as [[science festival]]s, [[literary festival]]s and [[music festival]]s.<ref>See [[List of music festivals]].</ref>  Sub-categories include [[comedy festival]]s, [[rock festival]]s, [[List of jazz festivals|jazz festivals]] and [[buskers festival]]s; [[poetry]] festivals,<ref>Some such as such as [[Cúirt International Festival of Literature]] started as a poetry festival and then broadened in scope.</ref> [[theatre festival]]s, and [[storytelling festival]]s; and re-enactment festivals such as [[Renaissance fair]]s. In the [[Philippines]], aside from numerous art festivals scattered throughout the year, February is known as national arts month, the culmination of all art festivals in the entire archipelago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kasilag|first=Giselle P.|date=February 1999|title=Performances, exhibits around the country mark National Arts Month|journal=BusinessWorld (SanJuan, Philippines)|pages=1|issn=0116-3930|via=Nexis Uni}}</ref> The modern model of music festivals began in the 1960s-70s and have become a lucrative global industry.<ref name=":0" /> Predecessors extend back to the 11th century and some, such as the Three Choirs Festival, remain to this day.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frey |first=Bruno S. |date=1994 |title=The Economics of Music Festivals |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01207151 |journal=Journal of Cultural Economics |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=29–39 |doi=10.1007/bf01207151 |s2cid=153806851 |issn=0885-2545 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130718/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01207151 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Film festival]]s involve the screenings of several different films, and are usually held annually. Some of the most significant film festivals include the [[Berlin International Film Festival]], the [[Venice Film Festival]] and the [[Cannes Film Festival]].

{{Gallery
|title=Arts festivals
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|File:RIAN archive 100588 All-Union Pushkin Poetry Festival.jpg|[[Alexander Pushkin|Pushkin]] Poetry Festival, Russia
|File:Plage du Martinez.jpg|Television studio at the Hôtel Martinez during the [[Cannes Film Festival]], France (2006)
|File:Swami opening.jpg|The opening ceremony at the [[Woodstock]] [[rock festival]], United States (1969)
}}

A food festival is an event celebrating food or drink. These often highlight the output of producers from a certain region. Some food festivals are focused on a particular item of food, such as the [[National Peanut Festival]] in the United States, or the [[Galway International Oyster Festival]] in Ireland. There are also specific beverage festivals, such as the famous [[Oktoberfest]] in Germany for [[Beer festival|beer]]. Many countries hold festivals to celebrate [[wine festival|wine]]. One example is the global celebration of the arrival of [[Beaujolais nouveau]], which involves shipping the new wine around the world for its release date on the third Thursday of November each year.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hyslop|first=Leah|title=Beaujolais Nouveau day: 10 facts about the wine|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/wine/10465236/Beaujolais-Nouveau-day-10-facts-about-the-wine.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/wine/10465236/Beaujolais-Nouveau-day-10-facts-about-the-wine.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=21 November 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Haine2006">{{cite book|last=Haine|first=W. Scott|title=Culture and Customs of France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qCf6aOTZsuYC&pg=PA103|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32892-3|page=103|access-date=December 15, 2015|archive-date=May 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501083008/https://books.google.com/books?id=qCf6aOTZsuYC&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref> Both Beaujolais nouveau and the Japanese rice wine [[sake]] are associated with harvest time. In the Philippines, there are at least two hundred festivals dedicated to food and drinks.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}

{{Gallery
|title=Food and drink festivals
|width=180
|height=150
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|File:SowetoWineFestival.JPG|[[Soweto]] Wine Festival, South Africa (2009)
|File:Holi festival celebration in Kapilvastu.jpg|[[Holi]] India (2011)
|File:La Tomatina (25.08.2010) - Spain, Buñol 30.jpg|[[La Tomatina]], Spain (2010)
|File:031 Trachtenumzug Bierwagen Hofbraeu.JPG|Beer horse cart from the Hofbräuhaus brewery at [[Oktoberfest]] Germany (2013)

}}

===Seasonal and harvest festivals===
{{main|Food festival}}
Seasonal festivals, such as [[Beltane]], are determined by the [[solar calendar|solar]] and the [[lunar calendar]]s and by the cycle of the [[season]]s, especially because of its effect on food supply, as a result of which there is a [[list of harvest festivals|wide range]] of ancient and modern [[harvest festival]]s. Ancient Egyptians relied upon the seasonal [[inundation]] caused by the [[Nile River]], a form of [[irrigation]], which provided fertile land for crops.<ref name="Bunson">{{cite book|last=Bunson|first=Margaret|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-6EJ0G-4jyoC&pg=PA277|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0997-8|page=278|chapter=Nile festivals|access-date=December 15, 2015|archive-date=May 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507054755/https://books.google.com/books?id=-6EJ0G-4jyoC&pg=PA277|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Alps]], in autumn the return of the cattle from the mountain [[pasture]]s to the stables in the valley is celebrated as ''[[Almabtrieb]]''. A recognized winter festival, the [[Chinese New Year]], is set by the lunar calendar, and celebrated from the day of the second new moon after the [[Dongzhi (solar term)|winter solstice]]. [[Dree Festival]] of the Apatanis living in Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh is celebrated every year from July 4 to 7 by praying for a bumper crop harvest.<ref name="GoAP PR">{{cite web|url=http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/press/04-05/050704a.htm|title=Press release – Dree festival|date=5 July 2004|publisher=Directorate of Information, Govt of Arunachal Pradesh|access-date=2009-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718153132/http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/press/04-05/050704a.htm|archive-date=July 18, 2011|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

[[Midsummer]] or St John's Day, is an example of a seasonal festival, related to the [[feast day]] of a Christian saint as well as a celebration of the time of the [[summer solstice]] in the northern hemisphere, where it is particularly important in Sweden. [[Winter carnival]]s also provide the opportunity to utilise to celebrate creative or sporting activities requiring snow and ice. In the [[Philippines]], each day of the year has at least one festival dedicated to harvesting of crops, fishes, crustaceans, milk, and other local goods.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}

{{Gallery
|title=Seasonal and harvest festivals
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|File:Nileshwar 22.jpg|Temple Festival in India
|File:Chateau de Montsoreau Museum of contemporary art sky lantern.jpg|[[Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art]] [[Sky lantern]] Festival, in [[Loire Valley]]
|File:Midsommardans av Anders Zorn 1897.jpg|Midsummer dance by [[Anders Zorn]], Sweden (1897)
|File:Sendai-tanabata-aug2008.jpg|[[Tanabata]] summer festival in [[Sendai Prefecture|Sendai]], [[Japan]]
|File:Grand Parade 3.jpg|Grand Parade at the [[Sydney Royal Easter Show]], Australia (2009)
|File:Calabaza de Halloween.jpg|[[Halloween]] pumpkins show the close relationship between a harvest and religious festivals
||Kalise Festival in Spain
}}