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Federico García Lorca
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===The Second Republic=== García Lorca's return to Spain in 1930 coincided with the fall of the dictatorship of [[Miguel Primo de Rivera|Primo de Rivera]] and the establishment of the [[Second Spanish Republic]].<ref name="Maurerxiv" /> In 1931, García Lorca was appointed director of a student theatre company, Teatro Universitario La Barraca (The Shack). It was funded by the [[Second Spanish Republic|Second Republic's]] Ministry of Education, and it was charged with touring Spain's rural areas in order to introduce audiences to classical Spanish theatre free of charge. With a portable stage and little equipment, they sought to bring theatre to people who had never seen any, with García Lorca directing as well as acting. He commented: "Outside of Madrid, the theatre, which is in its very essence a part of the life of the people, is almost dead, and the people suffer accordingly, as they would if they had lost their two eyes, or ears, or a sense of taste. We [La Barraca] are going to give it back to them."<ref name="Maurerxiv" /> His experiences travelling through impoverished rural Spain and New York (particularly amongst the disenfranchised African-American population), transformed him into a passionate advocate of the theatre of social action.<ref name="Maurerxiv" /> He wrote "The theatre is a school of weeping and of laughter, a free forum, where men can question norms that are outmoded or mistaken and explain with living example the eternal norms of the human heart."<ref name="Maurerxiv" /> While touring with ''La Barraca'', García Lorca wrote his now best-known plays, the "Rural Trilogy" of ''[[Blood Wedding]]'', ''[[Yerma]]'' and ''[[The House of Bernarda Alba]]'', which all rebelled against the norms of bourgeois Spanish society.<ref name="Maurerxiv" /> He called for a rediscovery of the roots of European theatre and the questioning of comfortable conventions such as the popular drawing-room comedies of the time. His work challenged the accepted role of women in society and explored taboo issues of homoeroticism and class. García Lorca wrote little poetry in this last period of his life, declaring in 1936, "theatre is poetry that rises from the book and becomes human enough to talk and shout, weep and despair."<ref name="Maurerxv">Maurer (2001) pxv.</ref> [[File:Federicogarcialorca1.jpg|thumb|Bust of Federico García Lorca in [[Santoña]], Cantabria]] Travelling to Buenos Aires in 1933, to give lectures and direct the Argentine premiere of ''Blood Wedding'', García Lorca spoke of his distilled theories on artistic creation and performance in the famous lecture ''Play and Theory of the [[Duende (art)|Duende]]''. This attempted to define a schema of artistic inspiration, arguing that great art depends upon a vivid awareness of death, connection with a nation's soil, and an acknowledgement of the limitations of reason.<ref name="Maurerxv" /><ref>''Arriving Where We Started'' by Barbara Probst, 1998. She interviewed surviving FUE/Barraca members in Paris.</ref> As well as returning to the classical roots of theatre, García Lorca also turned to traditional forms in poetry. His last poetic work, ''Sonetos de amor oscuro'' (''Sonnets of Dark Love'', 1936), was long thought to have been inspired by his passion for [[Rafael Rodríguez Rapún]], young actor and secretary of La Barraca.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eldiariocantabria.publico.es/articulo/entrevistas/rafael-rodriguez-rapun-ultimo-gran-amor-federico-garcia-lorca/20201106214213085858.html|title = 'Rafael Rodríguez Rapún fue el último gran amor de Federico García Lorca'|first=Julia|last= Roiz Menéndez| date=7 November 2020 }}</ref> Documents and mementos revealed in 2012, suggest that the actual inspiration was [[Juan Ramírez de Lucas]], a 19-year-old with whom Lorca hoped to emigrate to Mexico.<ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news |last=Tremlett |first=Giles |title=Name of Federico García Lorca's lover emerges after 70 years: Box of mementoes reveals that young art critic Juan Ramírez de Lucas had brief affair with Spanish poet |date=10 May 2012 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/may/10/name-garcia-lover-emerges |place=UK |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> The love sonnets are inspired by the 16th-century poet [[San Juan de la Cruz]].<ref name="Maurerxvii">Maurer (2001), pxvii.</ref> La Barraca's subsidy was cut in half by the rightist government elected in 1934, and its last performance was given in April 1936. Lorca spent summers at the [[Huerta de San Vicente]] from 1926 to 1936. Here he wrote, totally or in part, some of his major works, among them ''[[When Five Years Pass]]'' (''Así que pasen cinco años'') (1931), ''Blood Wedding'' (1932), ''Yerma'' (1934) and ''Diván del Tamarit'' (1931–1936). The poet lived in the Huerta de San Vicente in the days just before his arrest and assassination in August 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.huertadesanvicente.com/e_pre_huerta.php |title=Huerta de San Vicente |publisher=Huerta de San Vicente |access-date=14 August 2012}}</ref> Although García Lorca's drawings do not often receive attention, he was also a talented artist.<ref>Cavanaugh, Cecilia J., "Lorca's Drawings And Poems".</ref><ref>Hernández, Mario, "Line of Light and Shadow" (trans), 383 drawings.</ref>
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