Editing Fecal incontinence (section)

===Surgery===
FI is a much under-reported complication of surgery. The IAS is easily damaged with an anal [[surgical retractor|retractor]] (especially the [[Park's anal retractor]]), leading to reduced resting pressure postoperatively. Since the hemorrhoidal vascular cushions contribute 15% of the resting anal tone, surgeries involving these structures may affect continence status.<ref name="ASCRS textbook" /> Partial internal [[sphincterotomy]], [[fistulotomy]], anal stretch ([[Lord's operation]]), [[hemorrhoidectomy]] or transanal advancement flaps may all lead to FI postoperatively, with soiling being far more common than solid FI. The "keyhole deformity" refers to scarring within the anal canal and is another cause of mucus leakage and minor incontinence. This defect is also described as a groove in the anal canal wall and may occur after posterior midline [[fissurectomy]] or fistulotomy, or with lateral IAS defects.<ref name="ASCRS textbook" /> There is increased risk of FI after [[radical prostatectomy]] for [[prostate cancer]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shamliyan |first1=Tatyana A. |last2=Bliss |first2=Donna Z. |last3=Du |first3=Jing |last4=Ping |first4=Ryan |last5=Wilt |first5=Timothy J. |last6=Kane |first6=Robert L. |date=2009 |title=Prevalence and risk factors of fecal incontinence in community-dwelling men |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20065920/ |journal=Reviews in Gastroenterological Disorders |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=E97–110 |issn=1949-4386 |pmid=20065920}}</ref>