Editing Fanzine (section)

==== Media  ====
Media fanzines were originally merely a subgenre of SF fanzines, written by science fiction fans already familiar with apazines. The first media fanzine was a ''[[Star Trek]]'' fan publication called ''[[Spockanalia]]'', published in September 1967<ref name="verba2003">{{cite book | title=Boldly Writing: A Trekker Fan & Zine History, 1967–1987 | author=Verba, Joan Marie | year=2003 | publisher=FTL Publications | location=Minnetonka MN | url=http://www.ftlpublications.com/bwebook.pdf | isbn=0-9653575-4-6 | access-date=6 October 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910042451/http://www.ftlpublications.com/bwebook.pdf | archive-date=10 September 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>{{rp|1}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/21/nyregion/21winston.html?pagewanted=print | work=[[The New York Times]] | title=Joan Winston, 'Trek' Superfan, Dies at 77 | first=William | last=Grimes | date=21 September 2008 | access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref> by members of the [[Lunacon|Lunarians]].<ref name="cbs2000">{{cite book | title=Science Fiction Culture | publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press | author=Bacon-Smith, Camille | pages=112–113 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCvIZpCSRA0C&pg=PA112 | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-8122-1530-4}}</ref> They hoped that fanzines such as ''Spockanalia'' would be recognized by the broader science-fiction fan community in traditional ways, such as a [[Hugo Award for Best Fanzine]].{{r|verba2003}}{{rp|6}} All five of its issues were published while the show was still on the air, and included letters from [[D. C. Fontana]], [[Gene Roddenberry]], and most of the cast members, and an article by future Hugo and Nebula winner [[Lois McMaster Bujold]].{{r|verba2003}}{{rp|1,2,83}}

Many other Star Trek 'zines followed, then slowly zines appeared for other media sources, such as ''[[Starsky and Hutch]]'', ''[[Man from U.N.C.L.E.]]'' and ''[[Blake's 7]]''. By the mid-1970s, there were enough media zines being published that [[adzines]] existed just to advertise all of the other zines available. Although ''Spockanalia'' had a mix of stories and essays, most zines were all fiction.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Like SF fanzines, these media zines spanned the gamut of publishing quality from [[digest-sized]] mimeos to offset printed masterpieces with four-color covers.

Men wrote and edited most previous science fiction fanzines, which typically published articles reporting on trips to conventions, and reviews of books and other fanzines. Camille Bacon-Smith later stated that "One thing you almost never find in a science fiction fanzine is science fiction. Rather ... fanzines were the social glue that created a community out of a worldwide scattering of readers."<ref>{{cite book|last=Bacon-Smith|first=Camille|title=Science fiction culture|year=2000|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-8122-1530-4|url=http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/13333.html}}</ref> Women published most media fanzines, which by contrast also included [[fan fiction]]. By doing so, they "fill the need of a mostly female audience for fictional narratives that expand the boundary of the official source products offered on the television and movie screen."{{r|cbs2000}} In addition to long and short stories, as well as poetry, many media fanzines included illustrated stories, as well as stand alone art, often featuring portraits of the show or film's principal characters. The art could range from simple sketches, to reproductions of large elaborate works painted in oil or acrylic, though most are created in ink.

In the late 1970s, fiction that included a sexual relationship between two of the male characters of the media source (first [[Kirk/Spock]], then later Starsky/Hutch, Napoleon/Illya, and many others) started to appear in zines. These became known as [[slash fiction]] from the '/' mark used in adzines.  The slash help to differentiate a K&S story (which would have been a Kirk and Spock friendship story) from a K/S story, which would have been one with a romantic or sexual bent between the characters. Slash zines eventually had their own subgenres, such as [[Femslash]]. By 2000, when web publishing of stories became more popular than zine publishing, thousands of media fanzines had been published;<ref name="beyonddreamspress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.beyonddreamspress.com/database.htm|title=Database over Kirk/Spock Zines published – CyberDreams|work=beyonddreamspress.com}}</ref> over 500 of them were k/s zines.<ref name="beyonddreamspress.com"/>

Another popular franchise for fanzines was the "[[Star Wars]]" saga. By the time the film ''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]'' was released in 1980, Star Wars fanzines had surpassed Star Trek zines in sales.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.okbuy.eu/info-fanzine/#.Xoa84ogzaUk|title=Fanzine|last=Hill|first=Jemele|date=October 16, 2017|website=okbuy|access-date=March 4, 2020|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224225838/http://www.okbuy.eu/info-fanzine/#.Xoa84ogzaUk|url-status=dead}}</ref> An unfortunate episode in fanzine history occurred in 1981 when Star Wars director [[George Lucas]] threatened to sue fanzine publishers who distributed zines featuring the Star Wars characters in sexually explicit stories or art.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Henry |title=Media and cultural studies: keyworks |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2012 |isbn=9780470658086 |editor-last=Durham |editor-first=Meenakshi Gigi |location=Malden |pages=558 |language=en |chapter=Quentin Tarantino's Star Wars? Digital Cinema, Media Convergence, and Participatory Culture. |editor-last2=Kellner |editor-first2=Douglas}}</ref>

Comics were mentioned and discussed as early as the late 1930s in the [[Science-fiction fanzine|fanzines]] of [[science fiction fandom]]. Famously, the first version of [[Superman]] (a bald-headed villain) appeared in the third issue of [[Jerry Siegel]] and [[Joe Shuster]]'s 1933 fanzine ''Science Fiction''. In 1936, [[David Kyle]] published '' The Fantasy World '', possibly the first comics fanzine.<ref>Kyle, David. [http://jophan.org/mimosa/m24/kyle.htm "Phamous Phantasy Phan"]. [[Mimosa (magazine)|''Mimosa'']] no. 24, pp. 25–28.</ref><ref name="powerofcomics"/> Malcolm Willits and Jim Bradley started ''[[The Comic Collector's News]]'' in October 1947.<ref>{{Google books|QMnxCwAAQBAJ|Everyday Information: The Evolution of Information Seeking in America|page=286|keywords=The+Comic+Collector's+News|text=|plainurl=}}</ref> By 1952, [[Ted White (author)|Ted White]] had mimeographed a four-page pamphlet about [[Superman]], and [[James Vincent Taurasi, Sr.]] issued the short-lived ''Fantasy Comics''. In 1953, [[Bhob Stewart]] published ''The EC Fan Bulletin'',<ref name="powerofcomics">{{Google books|PA175|The Power of Comics: History, Form and Culture|page=175|keywords=EC+Fan+Bulletin|text=|plainurl=}}</ref> which launched [[EC Comics|EC]] fandom of imitative EC fanzines. A few months later, Stewart, White, and [[Larry Stark]] produced ''Potrzebie'', planned as a literary journal of critical commentary about EC by Stark. Among the wave of EC fanzines that followed, the best-known was [[Ron Parker (writer)|Ron Parker]]'s ''Hoo-Hah!''. After that came fanzines by the followers of [[Harvey Kurtzman]]'s ''[[Mad (magazine)|Mad]]'', ''[[Trump (magazine)|Trump]]'' and ''[[Humbug (magazine)|Humbug]]''. Publishers of these included future [[underground comics]] stars like [[Jay Lynch]] and [[Robert Crumb]].

In 1960, [[Richard A. Lupoff|Richard]] and [[Pat Lupoff]] launched their science fiction and comics fanzine ''[[Xero (SF fanzine)|Xero]]''. In the second issue, "The Spawn of M.C. Gaines'" by Ted White was the first in a series of nostalgic, analytical articles about comics by Lupoff, [[Don Thompson (Comics Buyer's Guide)|Don Thompson]], [[Bill Blackbeard]], [[Jim Harmon]] and others under the heading, ''All in Color for a Dime''. In 1961, [[Jerry Bails]]' ''[[Alter Ego (fanzine)|Alter Ego]]'', devoted to [[superhero|costumed heroes]],<ref name="powerofcomics"/> became a focal point for superhero comics fandom and is thus sometimes mistakenly cited as the first comics fanzine.

Contacts through these magazines were instrumental in creating the culture of modern [[comics fandom]]: conventions, collecting, etc. Much of this, like comics fandom itself, began as part of standard [[science fiction convention]]s, but comics fans have developed their own traditions. Comics fanzines often include fan artwork based on existing characters as well as discussion of the history of comics. Through the 1960s, and 1970s, comic fanzines followed some general formats, such as the industry news and information magazine (''[[The Comic Reader]]'' was one example), interview, history, and review-based fanzines, and the fanzines which basically represented independent comic book-format exercises. While perceived quality varied widely, the energy and enthusiasm involved tended to be communicated clearly to the readership, many of whom were also fanzine contributors. Prominent comics zines of this period included ''Alter Ego'', ''[[The Comic Reader]]'', and ''[[Rocket's Blast Comicollector]]'', all started by [[Jerry Bails]]. During the 1970s, many fanzines (''[[Squa Tront]]'', as an example) also became partly distributed through certain [[comic book distributor]]s.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

One of the first British comics fanzines was Phil Clarke's ''KA-POW'', launched in 1967.<ref>[[John Freeman (editor)|Freeman, John]]. [https://downthetubes.net/?p=40182 "Fanzine Flashback – KA-POW, Britain's first comics zine?"], DownTheTubes.net (Sept. 7, 2017).</ref> Prominent British comics fanzines of the 1970s and early 1980s included the long-running ''[[Fantasy Advertiser]]'', [[Martin Lock]]'s ''[[BEM (magazine)|BEM]]'', [[Richard Burton (comics)|Richard Burton]]'s ''[[Comic Media News]]'', Alan Austin's ''Comics Unlimited'', George Barnett's ''The Panelologist'',<ref name=TCJ122>Clarke, Theo. "And then nothing happened: THE ESCAPE INTERVIEW," ''The Comics Journal'' #122 (June 1988), p. 119.</ref> and Richard Ashford's ''[[Speakeasy (magazine)|Speakaeasy]]''.

At times, the professional comics publishers have made overtures to fandom via 'prozines', in this case fanzine-like magazines put out by the major publishers. ''[[The Amazing World of DC Comics]]'' and the Marvel magazine ''[[FOOM]]'' began and ceased publication in the 1970s. Priced significantly higher than standard comics of the period (''AWODCC'' was $1.50, ''FOOM'' was 75 cents), each house-organ magazine lasted a brief period of years. Since 2001 in Britain, there have been created a number of fanzines pastiching children's comics of the 1970s, and 1980s (e.g. ''[[Solar Wind (comic)|Solar Wind]]'', ''Pony School'', etc.). These adopt a style of storytelling rather than specific characters from their sources, usually with a knowing or [[irony|ironic]] twist.