Editing Fallacy (section)

=== <span id="Verbal fallacy"></span>Indian logic ===
[[Indian logic|Indian logicians]] took great pains to identify fallacies in arguments. An influential collection of texts on logic and reason, the ''[[Nyāya Sūtras]]'', attributed to [[Aksapada Gautama]], variously estimated to have been composed between the 6th century BCE and the 2nd century CE, lists in its theory of inference five such reasons used in an argument that was further developed by later logicians.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Epistemology in Classical Indian Philosophy |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/epistemology-india/ |access-date=2021-05-07 |last=Phillips |first=Stephen |date=2019 |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Spring 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahamahopadhyaya Satisa Chandra Vidyabhushana |url=http://archive.org/details/NyayaSutrasOfGautama |title=The Nyaya Sutras Of Gautama (English)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Analytic Philosophy in Early Modern India |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/early-modern-india/ |access-date=2021-05-07 |last=Ganeri |first=Jonardon |date=2019 |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Summer 2019}}</ref>

# ''Asiddha'': It is the unproved reason that results in this fallacy. [Paksadharmata]
# ''Savyabhichara'': This is the fallacy of irregular reason.
# ''Satpratipaksa'': Here the reason is contradicted by another reason. If both have equal force, then nothing follows. 'Sound is eternal, because it is audible', and 'Sound is non-eternal, because it is produced'. Here 'audible' is counterbalanced by 'produced' and both are of equal force.
# ''Badhita'': When another proof (as by perception) definitely contradicts and disproves the middle term (reason). 'Fire is cold because it is a substance'.
# ''Viruddha'': Instead of proving something it is proving the opposite. 'Sound is eternal because it is produced'.