Editing Externalization (psychology) (section)

== Neuroscience of externalization ==
Problems with self-regulation, including [[impulsivity]], [[violence]], [[Sensation seeking|sensation-seeking]], and rule-breaking, are indicative of an externalizing risk pathway.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zucker |first1=Robert A. |last2=Heitzeg |first2=Mary M. |last3=Nigg |first3=Joel T. |date=2011 |title=Parsing the Undercontrol-Disinhibition Pathway to Substance Use Disorders: A Multilevel Developmental Problem: Undercontrol-Disinhibition Pathway to SUD |journal=Child Development Perspectives |language=en |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=248–255 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00172.x |pmc=3221325 |pmid=22116786}}</ref> A discrepancy exists between bottom-up reward-related circuitry, such as the [[ventral striatum]], and top-down inhibitory control circuitry, which is located in the [[prefrontal cortex]], linking externalizing behaviors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nigg |first=Joel T. |date=2000 |title=On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: Views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.220 |journal=Psychological Bulletin |language=en |volume=126 |issue=2 |pages=220–246 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.220 |pmid=10748641 |issn=1939-1455}}</ref> Externalization is often related to [[substance use disorder]]s. In particular, [[alcohol use disorder]] is one of disorders that much externalization research has been dedicated to. Often, issues within the externalizing risk pathway, namely vulnerabilities in self-regulation, may impact the development of alcohol use disorder differently across stages of the addiction cycle.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hardee |first1=Jillian E. |last2=Cope |first2=Lora M. |last3=Martz |first3=Meghan E. |last4=Heitzeg |first4=Mary M. |date=2018 |title=Review of Neurobiological Influences on Externalizing and Internalizing Pathways to Alcohol Use Disorder |journal=Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports |language=en |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=249–262 |doi=10.1007/s40473-018-0166-5 |pmid=31768306 |issn=2196-2979|pmc=6876851 }}</ref> Likewise, marijuana use has been linked to an externalizing pathway that highlights aggressive and delinquent behavior.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wasserman |first1=Alexander M. |last2=Shaw-Meadow |first2=K. J. |last3=Moon |first3=T. J. |last4=Karns-Wright |first4=T. E. |last5=Mathias |first5=C. W. |last6=Hill-Kapturczak |first6=N. |last7=Dougherty |first7=D. M. |date=2021 |title=The externalizing and internalizing pathways to marijuana use initiation: Examining the synergistic effects of impulsiveness and sensation seeking. |journal=Developmental Psychology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=12 |pages=2250–2264 |doi=10.1037/dev0001267 |issn=1939-0599|doi-access=free |pmid=34928672 |pmc=9815474 }}</ref>  Another type of disorder that is linked to the externalizing pathway is Antisocial Personality Disorder due to its tendency to relate by lack of constraint.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Krueger |first1=Robert F |last2=McGue |first2=Matt |last3=Iacono |first3=William G |date=2001 |title=The higher-order structure of common DSM mental disorders: internalization, externalization, and their connections to personality |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0191886900001069 |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |language=en |volume=30 |issue=7 |pages=1245–1259 |doi=10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00106-9}}</ref> Much research has examined the similarities of antisocial personality disorder and substance use disorder in relation to externalizing behaviors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ruiz |first1=Mark A. |last2=Pincus |first2=Aaron L. |last3=Schinka |first3=John A. |date=2008 |title=Externalizing Pathology and the Five-Factor Model: A Meta-Analysis of Personality Traits Associated with Antisocial Personality Disorder, Substance Use Disorder, and Their Co-Occurrence |url=http://guilfordjournals.com/doi/10.1521/pedi.2008.22.4.365 |journal=Journal of Personality Disorders |language=en |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=365–388 |doi=10.1521/pedi.2008.22.4.365 |pmid=18684050 |issn=0885-579X}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Krueger |first1=Robert F. |title=Etiologic connections among substance dependence, antisocial behavior, and personality: Modeling the externalizing spectrum. |date=2009 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/11855-003 |work=Addictive behaviors: New readings on etiology, prevention, and treatment. |pages=59–88 |access-date=2023-11-16 |place=Washington |publisher=American Psychological Association |last2=Hicks |first2=Brian M. |last3=Patrick |first3=Christopher J. |last4=Carlson |first4=Scott R. |last5=Iacono |first5=William G. |last6=McGue |first6=Matt|doi=10.1037/11855-003 |isbn=978-1-4338-0402-1 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Krueger |first1=Robert F. |last2=Markon |first2=Kristian E. |last3=Patrick |first3=Christopher J. |last4=Benning |first4=Stephen D. |last5=Kramer |first5=Mark D. |date=2007 |title=Linking antisocial behavior, substance use, and personality: An integrative quantitative model of the adult externalizing spectrum. |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |language=en |volume=116 |issue=4 |pages=645–666 |doi=10.1037/0021-843X.116.4.645 |pmid=18020714 |issn=1939-1846|pmc=2242625 }}</ref>