Editing Eskimo (section)

=== Inuit Circumpolar Council ===
In 1977, the [[Inuit Circumpolar Council|Inuit Circumpolar Conference]] (ICC) meeting in Barrow, Alaska (now [[Utqiaġvik, Alaska]]), officially adopted ''Inuit'' as a designation for all circumpolar Native peoples, regardless of their local view on an appropriate term. They voted to replace the word ''Eskimo'' with ''Inuit''.<ref name="MacKenzie 2014 p. 60">{{cite book |last=MacKenzie |first=S. |title=Films on Ice: Cinemas of the Arctic |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |series=Traditions in World Cinema |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-7486-9418-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXAxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 |access-date=5 Nov 2021 |page=60 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Even at that time, such a designation was not accepted by all.<ref name="kaplannew" /><ref name="EII">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaskan-natives.com/2166/eskimo-inuit-inupiaq-terms-thing/|title=Eskimo, Inuit, and Inupiaq: Do these terms mean the same thing?}}</ref> As a result, the Canadian government usage has replaced the term ''Eskimo'' with {{lang|iu|Inuit}} ({{lang|iu|Inuk}} in singular).

The ICC charter defines ''Inuit'' as including "the Inupiat, Yupik (Alaska), Inuit, [[Inuvialuit]] (Canada), [[Kalaallit]] (Greenland) and Yupik (Russia)".<ref name="ICCcharter">{{cite web |url=https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/icc-international/icc-charter/ |title=ICC Charter |date=3 January 2019 |publisher=[[Inuit Circumpolar Council]] |access-date=April 3, 2021}}</ref> Despite the ICC's 1977 decision to adopt the term ''Inuit'', this has not been accepted by all or even most Yupik people.<ref name="MacKenzie 2014 p. 60" />

In 2010, the ICC passed a resolution in which they implored scientists to use ''Inuit'' and ''Paleo-Inuit'' instead of ''Eskimo'' or ''Paleo-Eskimo''.<ref name="ICC2010-01">{{cite web |author=Inuit Circumpolar Council |title=On the use of the term Inuit in scientific and other circles |type=Resolution 2010-01 |url=https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/iccexcouncilresolutiononterminuit.pdf |date=2010}}</ref>

==== Academic response ====
In a 2015 commentary in the journal ''[[Arctic (journal)|Arctic]]'', Canadian archaeologist Max Friesen argued fellow Arctic archaeologists should follow the ICC and use ''Paleo-Inuit'' instead of ''Paleo-Eskimo''.<ref name="Friesen, 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Friesen |first1=T. Max |title=On the Naming of Arctic Archaeological Traditions: The Case for Paleo-Inuit |journal=[[Arctic (journal)|Arctic]] |date=2015 |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=iii–iv |doi=10.14430/arctic4504 |doi-access=free |hdl=10515/sy5sj1b75 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> In 2016, Lisa Hodgetts and ''Arctic'' editor Patricia Wells wrote: "In the Canadian context, continued use of any term that incorporates ''Eskimo'' is potentially harmful to the relationships between archaeologists and the Inuit and Inuvialuit communities who are our hosts and increasingly our research partners."

Hodgetts and Wells suggested using more specific terms when possible (e.g., [[Dorset culture|Dorset]] and [[Groswater Bay#Legacy|Groswater]]) and agreed with Frieson in using the ''Inuit tradition'' to replace ''Neo-Eskimo'', although they noted replacement for ''Palaeoeskimo'' was still an open question and discussed ''Paleo-Inuit'', ''Arctic Small Tool Tradition'', and ''pre-Inuit'', as well as Inuktitut loanwords like {{lang|iu|Tuniit}} and {{lang|iu|Sivullirmiut}}, as possibilities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hodgetts |first1=Lisa |last2=Wells |first2=Patricia |title=Priscilla Renouf Remembered: An Introduction to the Special Issue with a Note on Renaming the Palaeoeskimo Tradition |journal=Arctic |date=2016 |volume=69 |issue=5 |doi=10.14430/arctic4678 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 2020, Katelyn Braymer-Hayes and colleagues argued in the ''[[Journal of Anthropological Archaeology]]'' that there is a "clear need" to replace the terms ''Neo-Eskimo'' and ''Paleo-Eskimo'', citing the ICC resolution, but finding a consensus within the Alaskan context particularly is difficult, since [[Alaska Natives]] do not use the word ''Inuit'' to describe themselves nor is the term legally applicable only to Iñupiat and Yupik in Alaska, and as such, terms used in Canada like ''Paleo Inuit'' and ''Ancestral Inuit'' would not be acceptable.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Braymer-Hayes |first1=Katelyn |last2=Anderson |first2=Shelby L. |last3=Alix |first3=Claire |last4=Darwent |first4=Christyann M. |last5=Darwent |first5=John |last6=Mason |first6=Owen K. |last7=Norman |first7=Lauren Y.E. |title=Studying pre-colonial gendered use of space in the Arctic: Spatial analysis of ceramics in Northwestern Alaska |journal=[[Journal of Anthropological Archaeology]] |date=2020 |volume=58 |page=101165 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101165 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

American linguist [[Lenore Grenoble]] has also explicitly deferred to the ICC resolution and used ''Inuit–Yupik'' instead of ''Eskimo'' with regards to the language branch.<ref name="Grenoble, 2016">{{cite book |last=Grenoble |first=Lenore A. |author-link=Lenore Grenoble |editor1-last=Day |editor1-first=Delyn |editor2-last=Rewi |editor2-first=Poia |editor2-link=Poia Rewi |editor3-last=Higgins |editor3-first=Rawinia |editor3-link=Rawinia Higgins |title=The Journeys of Besieged Languages |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars |isbn=978-1-4438-9943-7 |page=284 |chapter=Kalaallisut: The Language of Greenland}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Grenoble |first1=Lenore A. |editor1-last=Hinton |editor1-first=Leanne |editor2-last=Huss |editor2-first=Leena |editor3-last=Roche |editor3-first=Gerald |title=The Routledge Handbook of Language Revitalization |date=2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |doi=10.4324/9781315561271 |page=353 |chapter=Arctic Indigenous Languages: Vitality and Revitalization |hdl=10072/380836 |isbn=978-1-315-56127-1|s2cid=150673555 }}</ref>