Editing Ernest Hemingway (section)

== Key West ==
[[File:Hemingwayhouse.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|The [[Ernest Hemingway House|Hemingway House]] in [[Key West, Florida]], where he lived between 1931 and 1939 and where he wrote ''[[To Have and Have Not]]''|alt=photograph of a house]]
Hemingway and Pauline went to [[Kansas City, Missouri]], where their son [[Patrick Hemingway|Patrick]] was born on June 28, 1928, at [[The University of Kansas Hospital|Bell Memorial Hospital]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kumc.edu/school-of-medicine/academics/departments/history-and-philosophy-of-medicine/archives/kumc-history/1920-1929.html|title=1920–1929|website=www.kumc.edu}}</ref> Pauline had a difficult delivery; Hemingway wrote a fictionalized version of the event in ''[[A Farewell to Arms]]''. After Patrick's birth, they traveled to Wyoming, Massachusetts, and New York.<ref name="Meyers p208">Meyers (1985), 208</ref> On December 6, Hemingway was in New York visiting Bumby, about to board a train to Florida, when he received the news that his father Clarence had killed himself.<ref group=note>Clarence Hemingway used his father's Civil War pistol to shoot himself. See Meyers (1985), 2</ref><ref>Mellow (1992), 367</ref> Hemingway was devastated, having earlier written to his father telling him not to worry about financial difficulties; the letter arrived minutes after the suicide. He realized how Hadley must have felt after her own father's suicide in 1903, and said, "I'll probably go the same way."<ref>qtd. in Meyers (1985), 210</ref>

Upon his return to Key West in December, Hemingway worked on the draft of ''A Farewell to Arms'' before leaving for France in January. He had finished it the previous August but delayed the revision. The serialization in ''[[Scribner's Magazine]]'' was scheduled to appear in May. In April, he was still working on the ending, which he may have rewritten as many as seventeen times. The completed novel was published on September 27, 1929.<ref name="Meyers p215">Meyers (1985), 215</ref> Biographer [[James R. Mellow|James Mellow]] believes ''A Farewell to Arms'' established Hemingway's stature as a major American writer and displayed a level of complexity not apparent in ''The Sun Also Rises''.<ref name="Mellow p378">Mellow (1992), 378</ref> In Spain in mid-1929, Hemingway researched his next work, ''[[Death in the Afternoon]]''. He wanted to write a comprehensive [[treatise]] on bullfighting, explaining the toreros and corridas complete with glossaries and appendices, because he believed bullfighting was "of great tragic interest, being literally of life and death."<ref>Baker (1972), 144–145</ref>

During the early 1930s, Hemingway spent his winters in Key West and summers in Wyoming, where he found "the most beautiful country he had seen in the American West" and hunted deer, elk, and grizzly bear.<ref name="Meyers p222">Meyers (1985), 222</ref> He was joined there by Dos Passos. In November 1930, after taking Dos Passos to the train station in [[Billings, Montana]], Hemingway broke his arm in a car accident. He was hospitalized for seven weeks, with Pauline tending to him. The nerves in his writing hand took as long as a year to heal, during which time he suffered intense pain.<ref>Reynolds (2000), 31</ref>

[[File:Hemingway and Marlins.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|left|Ernest, Pauline, and Hemingway children pose with [[marlin]]s after a fishing trip in [[Bimini]] in 1935|alt=photograph of a man, a woman, and children]]

His third child, [[Gloria Hemingway]], was born a year later on November 12, 1931, in Kansas City as "Gregory Hancock Hemingway".<ref group="note">She would undergo [[sex reassignment surgery]] between 1988 and 1994. See  Meyers (2020), 413</ref><ref name="Oliver144">Oliver (1999), 144</ref> Pauline's uncle bought the couple a [[Ernest Hemingway House|house]] in Key West with a carriage house, the second floor of which was converted into a writing studio.<ref name="Meyers pp222-227">Meyers (1985), 222–227</ref> He invited friends—including [[Waldo Peirce]], Dos Passos, and [[Max Perkins]]<ref>Mellow (1992), 376–377</ref>—to join him on fishing trips and on an all-male expedition to the [[Dry Tortugas]]. He continued to travel to Europe and to Cuba, and—although in 1933 he wrote of Key West, "We have a fine house here, and kids are all well"—Mellow believes he "was plainly restless".<ref name="Mellow p424">Mellow (1992), 424</ref>

In 1933, Hemingway and Pauline went on safari to Kenya. The 10-week trip provided material for ''[[Green Hills of Africa]]'', as well as for the short stories "[[The Snows of Kilimanjaro (short story)|The Snows of Kilimanjaro]]" and "[[The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber]]".<ref name="Desnoyers p9">Desnoyers, 9</ref> The couple visited [[Mombasa]], [[Nairobi]], and [[Machakos]] in Kenya; then moved on to [[Tanganyika Territory]], where they hunted in the [[Serengeti]], around [[Lake Manyara]], and west and southeast of present-day [[Tarangire National Park]]. Their guide was the noted "white hunter" [[Philip Percival]] who had guided [[Theodore Roosevelt]] on his 1909 safari. During these travels, Hemingway contracted [[amoebic dysentery]] that caused a prolapsed intestine, and he was evacuated by plane to Nairobi, an experience reflected in "The Snows of Kilimanjaro". On Hemingway's return to Key West in early 1934, he began work on ''Green Hills of Africa'', which he published in 1935 to mixed reviews.<ref>Mellow (1992), 337–340</ref>

He purchased a boat in 1934, naming it the ''[[Pilar (Ernest Hemingway's boat)|Pilar]]'', and began to sail the [[Caribbean]].<ref name="Meyers p280">Meyers (1985), 280</ref> He arrived at [[Bimini]] in 1935, where he spent a considerable amount of time.<ref name="Desnoyers p9" /> During this period he worked on ''[[To Have and Have Not]]'', published in 1937 while he was in Spain, which became the only novel he wrote during the 1930s.<ref name="Meyers p292">Meyers (1985), 292</ref>