Editing Eponym (section)

==Orthographic conventions==

===Capitalized versus lowercase===
* Because [[proper nouns]] are capitalized in English, the usual default for eponyms is to capitalize the eponymous part of a term. When used as [[proper adjective]]s they are normally capitalized, for example [[Victorian era|Victorian]], [[Shakespearean]], and [[Kafkaesque]].<ref name="oxford">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btb1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |title=New Hart's Rules: The Oxford Style Guide|first= Anne |last=Waddingham |page=105 |publisher=OUP Oxford |date=28 August 2014 |isbn= 978-0199570027 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbmXAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA256 |title=No Grammar Tears 1 |author= Marthus-Adden Zimboiant |pages=256–257 |isbn=9781491800751 |date=2013-08-05 |publisher=AuthorHouse }}</ref>
* However, some eponymous adjectives and [[noun adjunct]]s are nowadays entered in many dictionaries as lowercase when they have evolved a common status, no longer deriving their meaning from the proper-noun origin.<ref name="M-W_C_10" /> For example, ''Herculean'' when referring to Hercules himself, but often ''herculean'' when referring to the figurative, generalized extension sense;<ref name="M-W_C_10" /> and ''quixotic'' and ''diesel engine'' [lowercase only].<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="AHD4" /> For any given term, one dictionary may enter only lowercase or only cap, whereas other dictionaries may recognize the capitalized version as a variant, either equally common as, or less common than, the first-listed styling (marked with labels such as "or", "also", "often", or "sometimes"). ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'', in its section "Words derived from proper names",<ref name="CMOS_14e_pp253-254">{{cite book |author=University of Chicago |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |edition=14th |year=1993 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=0-226-10389-7 |at=[https://archive.org/details/chicagomanualofs00chic/page/ § 7.49, pp. 253–254] |title-link=The Chicago Manual of Style }}</ref> gives some examples of both lowercase and capitalized stylings, including a few terms styled both ways, and says, "Authors and editors must decide for themselves, but whatever choice is made should be followed consistently throughout a work."
* When the eponym is used together with a noun, the common-noun part is not capitalized (unless it is part of a title or it is the first word in a sentence). For example, in ''Parkinson disease'' (named after [[James Parkinson]]), ''Parkinson'' is capitalized, but ''disease'' is not. In addition, the adjectival form, where one exists, is usually lowercased for medical terms (thus ''[[parkinsonian]]'' although ''Parkinson disease''),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nEW6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 |title=Grammar and Writing Skills for the Health Professional |first1= Lorraine |last1=Villemaire |first2=Doreen |last2=Oberg |publisher=Delmar Cengage Learning|edition= 2nd Revised |date=29 December 2005|isbn= 978-1401873745 |page=167}}</ref> and [[gram-negative bacteria|gram-negative]], [[gram-positive bacteria|gram-positive]] although [[Gram stain]].<ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Emerging Infectious Diseases Style Guide.  [http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/pages/preferred-usage.htm Preferred Usage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613140506/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/pages/preferred-usage.htm |date=2014-06-13 }}</ref> Uppercase Gram-positive or Gram-negative however are also commonly used in [[scientific journal]] articles and publications.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Through the wall: extracellular vesicles in Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi |author1=Lisa Brown |author2=Julie M. Wolf |author3=Rafael Prados-Rosales |author4=Arturo Casadevall |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages= 620–630 |date=2015 |doi= 10.1038/nrmicro3480 |pmid=26324094 |pmc=4860279}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Science |title=Detecting Gram-negative bacteria |date=12 June 2015 |volume=348|issue= 6240|page= 1218|doi= 10.1126/science.348.6240.1218-o |author= Kristen L. Mueller}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/gram-positive |title=Gram-positive |work=Dictionary.com |access-date=2016-10-22 |archive-date=2016-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020105533/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/gram-positive |url-status=live }}</ref>  In other fields, the eponym derivative is commonly capitalized, for example, ''Newtonian'' in physics,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Newtonian |title=Newtonian |work=Merriam-Wester |access-date=2016-10-22 |archive-date=2016-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023050723/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Newtonian |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Newtonian&submit.x=19&submit.y=19 |title=New·ton |work=The American Heritage Dictionary |access-date=2016-10-22 |archive-date=2016-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022220200/https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Newtonian&submit.x=19&submit.y=19 |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Platonism|Platonic]]'' in philosophy (however, use lowercase ''platonic'' when describing love).<ref name="oxford"/> The capitalization is retained after a prefix and hyphen, e.g. ''non-Newtonian''.<ref name="oxford"/>

For examples, see the [[#Comparison table of eponym orthographic styling|comparison table]] below.

===Genitive versus attributive===
* English can use either [[genitive]] case or attributive position to indicate the adjectival nature of the eponymous part of the term. (In other words, that part may be either possessive or non-possessive.) Thus ''Parkinson's disease'' and ''Parkinson disease'' are both acceptable. Medical dictionaries have been shifting toward nonpossessive styling in recent decades.<ref name="AMAMOS2007ch16">{{Citation | editor-last= Iverson | editor-first= Cheryl| title= AMA Manual of Style | edition= 10 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford, England | year= 2007 | isbn= 978-0-19-517633-9 | title-link= AMA Manual of Style}}, chapter 16: Eponyms.</ref> Thus ''Parkinson disease'' is more likely to be used in the latest medical literature (especially in [[postprint]]s) than ''Parkinson's disease''.

===National varieties of English===
* [[American and British English spelling differences]] may apply to eponyms. For example, British style would typically be ''[[caesarean section]]'', which is also found in American medical publications, but ''cæsarean section'' (with a ligature) is sometimes seen in (mostly older) British writing, and ''cesarean'' is preferred by American dictionaries and some American medical works.<ref>[[Medical Subject Headings|Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]] of the [[United States National Library of Medicine|United States National Library of Medicine (NLM)]] uses [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68002585 "cesarean section"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313103733/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68002585 |date=2021-03-13 }}, while the also US-published ''Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary'' uses [http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/caesarean "caesarean"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729172715/https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/caesarean |date=2020-07-29 }}.  The online versions of the [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cesarean ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727063311/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cesarean |date=2020-07-27 }} and [http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/caesarean ''American Heritage Dictionary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729172715/https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/caesarean |date=2020-07-29 }} list "cesarean" first and other spellings as "variants", an etymologically anhistorical position.</ref>

===Comparison table of eponym orthographic styling===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Prevalent dictionary styling today !! Stylings that defy prevalent dictionary styling !! Comments
|-
| abelian<ref name="M-W_C_10" /> || *Abelian || &nbsp;
|-
| Addison disease<ref name="Dorlands31">{{citation | author = Elsevier | author-link = Elsevier | title = Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary | edition = 31st | publisher = Elsevier | year = 2007 | location = [[Philadelphia]] | isbn = 978-1-4160-2364-7| title-link = Dorland's Medical Dictionary }}</ref> || *Addison '''D'''isease<br />*'''a'''ddison disease || &nbsp;
|-
| Allemann syndrome<ref name="Dorlands31" /> || *Allemann '''S'''yndrome<br />*'''a'''llemann syndrome || &nbsp;
|-
| cesarean [only]<ref name="Dorlands31" /><br />cesarean&nbsp;''also''&nbsp;cesarian&nbsp;[but&nbsp;no&nbsp;cap&nbsp;variant]<ref name="M-W_C_10">{{citation | author = Merriam-Webster | author-link = Merriam-Webster | title = Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary | edition = 10th | publisher = Merriam-Webster | year = 1993 | location = Springfield, Massachusetts, US | isbn = 978-0-87779-707-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc00merr_3 }}</ref><br />cesarean, "often capitalized" ''or'' caesarean ''also'' cesarian ''or'' caesarian<ref name="M-W_C_11">{{citation | author = Merriam-Webster | author-link = Merriam-Webster | title = Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary | edition = 11th | publisher = Merriam-Webster | year = 2003 | location = Springfield, Massachusetts, US | isbn = 978-0-87779-809-5 | url = https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc00merr_6 }}</ref>|| &nbsp; || More information on this word's orthographic variants is at Wiktionary: {{linktext|caesarean section}}.
|-
| darwinian [only]<ref name="Dorlands31" /><br />darwinism [only]<ref name="Dorlands31" /><br />Darwinian [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="AHD4" /><br />Darwinism [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="AHD4" /><br />Darwinist [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="AHD4" /> || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|-
| diesel (n/adj/vi) [no cap variant]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="AHD4">{{Citation | author = Houghton Mifflin | author-link = Houghton Mifflin | title = The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language | edition = 4th | publisher = Houghton Mifflin | year = 2000 | location = Boston and New York | isbn = 978-0-395-82517-4| title-link = The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language }}</ref><br />'''and also'''<br />diesel-electric<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><br />diesel&nbsp;engine<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="AHD4" /><br />dieseling<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="AHD4" /><br />dieselize,&nbsp;dieselization<ref name="M-W_C_10" />|| *'''D'''iesel&nbsp;engine<br />*'''D'''ieseling<br />*'''D'''ieselize,&nbsp;'''D'''ieselization|| &nbsp;
|-
| draconian<ref name="AHD4" /><br />draconian ''often'' Draconian<ref name="M-W_C_10" /> || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|-
| eustachian [only]<ref name="Dorlands31" /><br />eustachian ''often'' Eustachian<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><br />eustachian tube [only]<ref name="Dorlands31" /><br />eustachian tube ''often'' Eustachian tube<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><br />eustachian tube ''or'' Eustachian tube<ref name="AHD4" /> || *Eustachian '''T'''ube || &nbsp;
|-
| fallopian [only]<ref name="Dorlands31" /><br />fallopian ''often'' Fallopian<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><br />fallopian tube [only]<ref name="Dorlands31" /><br />fallopian tube ''often'' Fallopian tube<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><br />fallopian tube ''also'' Fallopian tube<ref name="AHD4" /> || *Fallopian '''T'''ube || &nbsp;
|-
| Marxism [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="AHD4" /><br />Marxist [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="AHD4" /> || *'''m'''arxism<br />*'''m'''arxist || &nbsp;
|-
| mendelian [only]<ref name="Dorlands31" />&nbsp;'''or'''&nbsp;Mendelian [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><br />mendelian&nbsp;inheritance&nbsp;[only]<ref name="Dorlands31" />&nbsp;'''or''' Mendelian&nbsp;inheritance&nbsp;[only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;'''but'''<br />Mendel's laws<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="Dorlands31" /> || *'''M'''endelian '''I'''nheritance || &nbsp;
|-
| Newtonian [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="AHD4" /> || *'''n'''ewtonian || &nbsp;
|-
| parkinsonism [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="Dorlands31" /><br />parkinsonian [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="Dorlands31" /><br />parkinsonian tremor<ref name="Dorlands31" /><br />Parkinson disease [only]<ref name="Dorlands31" /><br />Parkinson's disease [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /> || *'''P'''arkinsonism<br />*'''P'''arkinsonian<br />*'''P'''arkinsonian tremor<br />*'''P'''arkinsonian '''T'''remor<br />*Parkinson '''D'''isease<br />*Parkinson's '''D'''isease || &nbsp;
|-
| quixotic [only]<ref name="M-W_C_10" /><ref name="AHD4" /> || *'''Q'''uixotic || &nbsp;
|-
| Roman numerals<ref name="AHD4" /><br />roman numerals<ref name="M-W_C_10" /> || &nbsp; || AMA Manual of Style lowercases the terms ''roman numerals'' and ''arabic numerals''. MWCD enters the numeral sense under the headword ''Roman'' but with the note "not cap" on the numeral sense.<ref name="M-W_C_10" />
|}