Editing Epimenides paradox (section)

==Emergence as a logical contradiction==
The logical inconsistency of a Cretan asserting all Cretans are always liars may not have occurred to Epimenides, nor to [[Callimachus]], who both used the phrase to emphasize their point, without irony, perhaps meaning that all Cretans lie routinely, but not exclusively.

In the 1st century AD, the quote is mentioned by the author of the [[Epistle to Titus]] as having been spoken truly by "one of their own prophets."

{{Quotation|"One of Crete's own prophets has said it: 'Cretans are always liars, evil brutes, idle bellies'.<br>He has surely told the truth. For this reason correct them sternly, that they may be sound in faith instead of paying attention to Jewish fables and to commandments of people who turn their backs on the truth."
  |Epistle of Paul to Titus, 1:12–14}}

[[Clement of Alexandria]], in the late 2nd century AD, fails to indicate that the concept of logical paradox is an issue:

{{Quotation|In his epistle to [[Saint Titus|Titus]], [[Apostle Paul]] wants to warn Titus that Cretans don't believe in the one truth of Christianity, because "Cretans are always liars". To justify his claim, Apostle Paul cites Epimenides. |[[Stromata]] 1.14}}

During the early 4th century, [[Augustine of Hippo|Saint Augustine]] restates the closely related liar paradox in ''[[Against the Academicians]]'' (III.13.29), but without mentioning Epimenides.

In the [[Middle Ages]], many forms of the liar paradox were studied under the heading of [[insolubilia]], but these were not explicitly associated with Epimenides.

Finally, in 1740, the second volume of [[Pierre Bayle]]'s ''[[Dictionnaire Historique et Critique]]'' explicitly connects Epimenides with the paradox, though Bayle labels the paradox a "sophisme".<ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionnaire Historique et Critique |last= Bayle |first= Pierre |author-link=Pierre Bayle |edition=5th |year=1740 |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FKs-AAAAcAAJ&q=qu%27Epimenide&pg=PA414 |page=414 |access-date=1 April 2011}}  ''[[Dictionnaire Historique et Critique]]'' at Wikipedia.</ref>