Editing Environmental geology (section)

== Focuses ==
Environmental geology includes

* managing geological and hydrogeological resources such as [[fossil fuel]]s, [[mineral]]s, [[Water (molecule)|water]] (surface and [[Ground water|groundwater]]), and [[land use]],
* studying the earth's surface through the disciplines of [[geomorphology]], and [[edaphology]],
* defining and mitigating exposure of [[natural hazard]]s on humans,
* managing industrial and domestic [[Waste management|waste disposal]] and minimizing or eliminating effects of [[pollution]], and
* performing associated activities, often involving litigation.

Environmental geology is often applied to some well known environmental issues including population growth, mining, diminishing resources, and global land use.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=McConnell|first1=Robert|title=Environmental geology today|last2=Abel|first2=Daniel|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|year=2014|isbn=978-1449684877}}</ref>

=== Mining ===
Since the Stone Age, when humans began [[mining]] for [[flint]], they have been dependent on this practice, and the dependency on minerals continues to increase as society evolves. One of the downsides of mining is that it is restricted to areas where minerals are present and economically viable. Mining duration is also restrained as mineral resources are finite, so when a deposit is exhausted, mining in that location comes to an end.<ref name=":0" /> Although modern mining and mineral activities utilize many ways to reduce negative environmental impacts, accidental releases can occur and the appropriate mitigation and prevention practices were not common in historical practices. Potentially harmful metals, other deposit constituents, and mineral processing chemicals or byproducts can contaminate the surrounding environment due to these situations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Plumlee|first=G.S.|date=22 April 2021|title=The environmental geochemistry of mineral deposits| journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration}}</ref> Some common environmental impacts of mining are rock displacements that allow fine dust particles to seep into surface waters, the defacement of the local landscape, and the large amounts of waste with some being chemically reactive.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zobrist|first=Jürg|date=22 April 2021|title=Mining and the environment|journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research International|volume=20|issue=11|pages=7487–7489|doi=10.1007/s11356-013-1990-5|pmid=23975705|s2cid=31497017|via=SpringerLINK Contemporary|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ultimately, the impact that mining has on the environment is determined by many factors such as the size of the operation and the type of mining. Environmental geology has reduced the negative environmental impacts of mining as it has been used in litigation toward mining. In some countries like Brazil<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gastauer |first1=Markus |last2=Souza Filho |first2=Pedro Walfir Martins |last3=Ramos |first3=Silvio Junio |last4=Caldeira |first4=Cecílio Frois |last5=Silva |first5=Joyce Reis |last6=Siqueira |first6=José Oswaldo |last7=Furtini Neto |first7=Antonio Eduardo |date=2019-01-01 |title=Mine land rehabilitation in Brazil: Goals and techniques in the context of legal requirements |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-018-1053-8 |journal=Ambio |language=en |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=74–88 |doi=10.1007/s13280-018-1053-8 |issn=1654-7209 |pmc=6297110 |pmid=29644620}}</ref> and Australia<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nichols |first1=Owen G. |last2=Nichols |first2=Flora M. |date=5 August 2003 |title=Long-Term Trends in Faunal Recolonization After Bauxite Mining in the Jarrah Forest of Southwestern Australia |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2003.00190.x |journal=Restoration Ecology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=261–272 |doi=10.1046/j.1526-100X.2003.00190.x |s2cid=86244786 |issn=1061-2971}}</ref> for example, it is decreed by law that sites must undergo rehabilitation after a mining operation has ceased. Prior to any mining, an assessment is also necessary to analyze the potential environmental impacts. Another measure taken is that an environmental management program must be produced to show how the mine will operate. Land planning is an important aspect in deciding whether a site is suitable for mining but some environmental degradation is inevitable. Environmental Geology continues to lower the amount of negative effects that mining has on the natural environment.<ref name=":0" />

=== Recycling ===
[[Non-renewable resource|Nonrenewable resources]] are only one type of resource with the other two being potentially [[Renewable resource|renewable]] and [[Renewable resource|perpetual]]. Nonrenewable resources, such as [[fossil fuel]]s and [[metal]]s, are finite, and therefore cannot be replenished during human lifetime, but are being depleted at a high rate. Due to their importance in many economies, this creates an issue as the world keeps developing the technologies used to exploit these resources. Some important roles of these nonrenewable resources are to heat homes, fuel cars, and build infrastructure. Environmental geology has been used to approach this issue with the sustainable development of [[recycling]] and [[Reuse|reusing]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Merritts|first1=D|title=Environmental Geology: An Earth System Science Approach|last2=De Wet|first2=A|last3=Menking|first3=K|publisher=W. H. Freeman|year=1998|isbn=9780716728344}}</ref> Recycling is the process of collecting recyclable consumer and industrial materials and products and then sorting them so they can be processed into raw materials with the intention of then using the raw materials to create new products.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jorgensen |first=Finn |title=Recycling |publisher=MIT Press |year=2019 |location=9780262355810}}</ref> Recycling and reusing can be done on an individual scale as well as an industrial scale. These practices maximize the usage of resources as much as possible all while minimizing waste. They also manage the industrial and domestic waste disposal as they reduce the amount of waste discharged into the global environment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harada|first=T|date=22 April 2021|title=The Role of Resource Recycling| journal=Nonrenewable Resources|volume=2|issue=3|pages=247–255|doi=10.1007/BF02257918|s2cid=129436641}}</ref>

Reusing and recycling include:

* [[compost]]ing: the biological decomposition of organic garden and food waste in order to use it as soil conditioner,
* [[upcycling]]: increasing the value and quality in materials and products through the recycling process,
* freecycling: giving or getting free items from others before buying new ones
* [[industrial ecology]]: dismantling of massive artifacts to become input for new processes

Environmental geology's approach to the decline of nonrenewable resources along with high amounts of waste polluting the Earth has been to reduce wasteful usage and recycle when possible.

=== Land use ===
[[File:West_Newton_Land_Use_Map_2021.jpg|thumb|486x486px|This is an example of a simple land use map. This shows the land usage of West Newton in southeast Minnesota along the Mississippi River as of April 2021.]]
Planning out the [[Land use|usage of land]] is important to reduce the risk of natural hazards on humans and their infrastructure, but mostly to reduce negative human impact on the natural environment. The land, water, air, materials, and energy use are all critically impacted by human settlement and resource production.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Randolph|first=J|title=Environmental land use planning and management|publisher=Island Press|year=2004|isbn=9781559639484}}</ref> New sites must be found for mining, waste disposal, and industrial sites as these are all parts of an industrial society. Suitable sites are often difficult to find and get approval for as they must be shown to have barriers so contaminants are prevented from entering the environment.

Site investigation in [[Land-use planning|land use planning]] often includes at least two phases, an orientating investigation and a detailed investigation. The information in an orientating investigation is obtained through maps and other archived data. The information in a detailed investigation is obtained through a reconnaissance survey in the field and by reviewing the historic land use.

The orientating investigation includes:

* [[topography]], land use and vegetation, settlements, roads and railways,
* [[climate]]: precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration, direction and the velocity of the wind, as well as the frequency of strong winds,
* hydrological and hydrogeological conditions: streams, lakes and ponds, springs, wells, use and quality of surface and groundwater, runoff, water balance, aquifer/aquiclude properties and stratigraphy, groundwater table, [[groundwater recharge]] and discharge,
* geology: soil, geological structures, stratigraphy and lithology,
* ecological aspects: e.g., nature reserves, protected geotopes, water protection areas.

The detailed investigation includes:<ref name=":1" />

* geology: thickness and lateral extent of strata and geological units, lithology, homogeneity and heterogeneity, bedding conditions and tectonic structures, fractures, impact of weathering, 
* [[groundwater]]: water table, water content, direction and rate of groundwater flow, hydraulic conductivity, value of aquifer, 
* geochemical site characterization: chemical composition of soil, rocks and groundwater, estimation of contamination retention, 
* geotechnical stability: The geological barrier must be capable of adsorbing strain from the weight of a landfill, slag heap, or industrial building.
* geogenic events: active faults, karst, earthquakes, subsidence, landslides, 
* anthropogenic activities: mining damage, buildings, quarries, gravel pits, etc., and 
* changes in soil and groundwater quality

Environmental geology includes both the monitorization and planning of land use. Land use maps are made to represent current land use along with possible future uses. Land maps like the one shown can be used to reduce human settlement in areas with potential natural hazards such as floods, geological instability, wildfires, etc.<ref name=":2" /> In the land map shown it can be seen that there is a margin of trees and vegetation between the settlements and Mississippi River to reduce the risk of flood damage as the Mississippi Rivers water levels change.