Editing Edmund Burke (section)

==American War of Independence==
Burke expressed his support for the grievances of the American [[Thirteen Colonies]] under the government of King [[George III]] and his appointed representatives. On 19 April 1774, Burke made a speech, "[[On American Taxation]]" (published in January 1775), on a [[Motion (parliamentary procedure)|motion]] to repeal the [[Tea Act|tea duty]]:

{{Quote | Again and again, revert to your old principles—seek peace and ensue it; leave America, if she has taxable matter in her, to tax herself. I am not here going into the distinctions of rights, nor attempting to mark their boundaries. I do not enter into these metaphysical distinctions; I hate the very sound of them. Leave the Americans as they anciently stood, and these distinctions, born of our unhappy contest, will die along with it ….  Be content to bind America by laws of trade; you have always done it …. Do not burthen them with taxes….  But if intemperately, unwisely, fatally, you sophisticate and poison the very source of government by urging subtle deductions, and consequences odious to those you govern, from the unlimited and illimitable nature of supreme sovereignty, you will teach them by these means to call that sovereignty itself in question …. If that sovereignty and their freedom cannot be reconciled, which will they take? They will cast your sovereignty in your face. No body of men will be argued into slavery.<ref>Prior, pp. 142–43.</ref>}}

On 22 March 1775, Burke delivered in the House of Commons a speech (published in May 1775) on reconciliation with America. Burke appealed for peace as preferable to civil war and reminded the House of Commons of America's growing population, its industry and its wealth. He warned against the notion that the Americans would back down in the face of force since most Americans were of British descent:

<blockquote>[T]he people of the colonies are descendants of Englishmen.... They are therefore not only devoted to liberty, but to liberty according to English ideas and on English principles. The people are Protestants ... a persuasion not only favourable to liberty, but built upon it .... My hold of the colonies is in the close affection which grows from common names, from kindred blood, from similar privileges, and equal protection. These are ties which, though light as air, are as strong as links of iron. Let the colonies always keep the idea of their civil rights associated with your government—they will cling and grapple to you, and no force under heaven will be of power to tear them from their allegiance. But let it be once understood that your government may be one thing and their privileges another, that these two things may exist without any mutual relation—the cement is gone, the cohesion is loosened, and everything hastens to decay and dissolution. As long as you have the wisdom to keep the sovereign authority of this country as the sanctuary of liberty, the sacred temple consecrated to our common faith, wherever the chosen race and sons of England worship freedom, they will turn their faces towards you. The more they multiply, the more friends you will have; the more ardently they love liberty, the more perfect will be their obedience. Slavery they can have anywhere. It is a weed that grows in every soil. They may have it from Spain, they may have it from Prussia. But, until you become lost to all feeling of your true interest and your natural dignity, freedom they can have from none but you.<ref name = speech22march>{{cite web |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15198/15198-h/15198-h.htm |title=Speech on Moving Resolutions for Conciliation with America, 22 March 1775 |publisher=Gutenberg.org |access-date=19 October 2008 |archive-date=15 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215031635/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15198/15198-h/15198-h.htm |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

Burke prized peace with America above all else, pleading with the House of Commons to remember that the interest by way of money received from the American colonies was far more attractive than any sense of putting the [[colonist]]s in their place:

<blockquote>The proposition is peace. Not peace through the medium of war, not peace to be hunted through the labyrinth of intricate and endless negotiations, not peace to arise out of universal discord ... [I]t is simple peace, sought in its natural course and in its ordinary haunts. It is peace sought in the spirit of peace, and laid in principles purely pacific.<ref name = speech22march/></blockquote>

Burke was not merely presenting a [[Peace treaty|peace agreement]] to Parliament, but rather he stepped forward with four reasons against using force, carefully reasoned. He laid out his objections in an orderly manner, focusing on one before moving to the next. His first concern was that the use of force would have to be temporary and that the uprisings and objections to British governance in [[British America|Colonial America]] would not be. Second, Burke worried about the uncertainty surrounding whether Britain would win a conflict in America. "An armament," Burke said, "is not a victory."<ref name="National Humanities Center">{{cite web |last=Burke |first=Edmund |title=Speech to Parliament on Reconciliation with the American Colonies |url=http://americainclass.org/sources/makingrevolution/war/text1/burkereconspeech.pdf |website=America in Class |publisher=[[National Humanities Center]] |access-date=10 December 2014 |archive-date=25 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725132120/http://americainclass.org/sources/makingrevolution/war/text1/burkereconspeech.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Third, Burke brought up the issue of impairment, stating that it would do the British government no good to engage in a scorched earth war and have the object they desired (America) become damaged or even useless. The American colonists could always retreat into the mountains, but the land they left behind would most likely be unusable, whether by accident or design. The fourth and final reason to avoid the use of force was experience, as the British had never attempted to rein in an unruly colony by force and they did not know if it could be done, let alone accomplished thousands of miles away from home.<ref name="National Humanities Center"/> Not only were all of these concerns reasonable, but some turned out to be prophetic—the American colonists did not surrender, even when things looked extremely bleak and the British were ultimately unsuccessful in their attempts to win a war fought on American soil.

It was not temporary force, uncertainty, impairment, or even experience that Burke cited as the primary reason for avoiding war with the American colonies. Rather, it was the character of the American people themselves: "In this character of Americans, a love of freedom is the predominating feature which marks and distinguishes the whole ... [T]his fierce spirit of liberty is stronger in the English colonies, probably, than in any other people of the earth ... [The] men [are] acute, inquisitive, dextrous, prompt in attack, ready in defence, full of resources."<ref name="National Humanities Center"/> Burke concludes with another plea for peace and a prayer that Britain might avoid actions which in Burke's words "may bring on the destruction of this Empire."<ref name="National Humanities Center"/>

Burke proposed six resolutions to settle the American conflict peacefully:
# Allow the American colonists to elect their own representatives, settling the dispute about taxation without representation.
# Acknowledge this wrongdoing and apologise for grievances caused.
# Procure an efficient manner of choosing and sending these delegates.
# Set up a General Assembly in America itself, with powers to regulate taxes.
# Stop gathering taxes by imposition (or law) and start gathering them only when they are needed.
# Grant needed aid to the colonies.<ref name="National Humanities Center"/>

Had they been passed, though the effect of these resolutions can never be known, they might have quelled the colonials' revolutionary spirit. Unfortunately, Burke delivered this speech less than a month before the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord|explosive conflict at Concord and Lexington]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lexington and Concord|url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/11c.asp|website=USHistory.org|publisher=Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia|access-date=10 December 2014|archive-date=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827001840/http://www.ushistory.org/us/11c.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> As these resolutions were not enacted, little was done that would help to prevent armed conflict.

Among the reasons this speech was so greatly admired was its passage on [[Allen Bathurst, 1st Earl Bathurst|Lord Bathurst]] (1684–1775) in which Burke describes an angel in 1704 prophesying to Bathurst the future greatness of England and also of America: "Young man, There is America—which at this day serves little more than to amuse you with stories of savage men, and uncouth manners; yet shall, before you taste of death, shew itself equal to the whole of that commerce which now attracts the envy of the world."<ref name="Lock, Burke. Vol. I, p. 384">Lock, ''Burke. Vol. I'', p. 384.</ref> [[Samuel Johnson]] was so irritated at hearing it continually praised that he made a parody of it, where the devil appears to a young Whig and predicts that in a short time [[Whiggism]] will poison even the paradise of America.<ref name="Lock, Burke. Vol. I, p. 384"/>

The administration of [[Lord North]] (1770–1782) tried to defeat the colonist rebellion by military force. British and American forces clashed in 1775 and in 1776 came the [[United States Declaration of Independence]]. Burke was appalled by celebrations in Britain of the defeat of the Americans in New York and Pennsylvania. He claimed the English national character was being changed by this authoritarianism.<ref name="ODNB"/> Burke wrote: "As to the good people of England, they seem to partake every day more and more of the Character of that administration which they have been induced to tolerate. I am satisfied, that within a few years there has been a great Change in the National Character. We seem no longer that eager, inquisitive, jealous, fiery people, which we have been formerly."<ref>Lock, ''Burke. Vol. I'', p. 394.</ref>

In Burke's view, the British government was fighting "the American English" ("our English Brethren in the Colonies"), employing "[[Hessian (soldier)|the hireling sword of German boors and vassals]]" to destroy the "English privileges" of the colonists.<ref name="ODNB"/> On [[American independence]], Burke wrote: "I do not know how to wish success to those whose Victory is to separate from us a large and noble part of our Empire. Still less do I wish success to injustice, oppression and absurdity."<ref>Lock, ''Burke. Vol. I'', p. 399.</ref>

During the [[Gordon Riots]] in 1780, Burke became a target of hostility and his home was placed under armed guard by the military.<ref>Hibbert pp. 48–73</ref>