Editing Economy of Tanzania (section)

==Industry==
Industries are a major and growing component of the Tanzanian economy, contributing 22.2 percent of GDP in 2013.<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 37}} This component includes mining and quarrying, manufacturing, electricity and natural gas, water supply, and construction.<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 37}}

===Mining===
{{main|Mining industry of Tanzania}}
Mining contributed 3.3 percent of GDP in 2013.<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 33}} The vast majority of the country's mineral export revenue comes from gold, accounting for 89 percent of the value of those exports in 2013.<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 71}} It also exports sizable quantities of gemstones, including [[diamonds]] and [[tanzanite]].<ref name="frame">{{cite web | title=Annex on the Free Movement of Persons | url=http://www.eac.int/commonmarket/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=87&Itemid=137 | publisher=[[East African Community]] | access-date=21 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022044517/http://www.eac.int/commonmarket/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=87&Itemid=137 | archive-date=22 October 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref>{{rp|page 1250}} All of Tanzania's [[coal]] production, which totalled 106,000 short tons in 2012, is used domestically.<ref name="EIA"/>

====Minerals====
Other minerals exploited in Tanzania include;

# [[Pozzolana]]
# [[Salt]]
# [[Gypsum]]
# [[Kaolinite]]
# [[Silver ore]]
# [[Copper]]
# [[Phosphate]]
#[[Tanzanite]]
# [[Tin]]
# [[Graphite]]
# [[Bauxite]].<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|pages 70–71}}

Modern gold mining in Tanzania started in the [[Germany|German]] [[List of former German colonies|colonial period]], beginning with gold discoveries near [[Lake Victoria]] in 1894. The first gold mine in what was then [[German East Africa|Tanganyika]], the [[Sekenke Gold Mine]], began operation in 1909, and gold mining in Tanzania experienced a boom between 1930 and [[World War II]]. By 1967, gold production in the country had dropped to insignificance but was revived in the mid-1970s, when the gold price rose once more. In the late 1990s, foreign mining companies started investing in the exploration and development of gold deposits in Tanzania, leading to the opening of a number of new mines, like the [[Golden Pride Gold Mine|Golden Pride mine]], which opened in 1999 as the first modern gold mine in the country, or the [[Buzwagi Gold Mine|Buzwagi mine]], which opened in 2009.<ref>[http://www.tanzaniagold.com/tanzania_mining_history.html Tanzania Mining History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814071423/http://www.tanzaniagold.com/tanzania_mining_history.html |date=14 August 2010 }} tanzaniagold.com, accessed: 24 July 2010</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120309221749/http://www.mem.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&filename=Mineral%20Sector%20Overview.pdf&directory=Mineral%20Sector& •Mineral Sector Overview] [[Ministry of Energy and Minerals, Tanzania|Ministry of Energy and Minerals]] website, accessed: 27 July 2010</ref>

[[File:Buzwagi Goldmine 06.JPG|thumb|right|[[Buzwagi Gold Mine]]]]

Nickel reserves amounting to 290,000 tonnes were discovered in October 2012 by Ngwena Company Limited, a subsidiary of the Australian mining company [[IMX Resources]]. An initial investment of around [[USD]] $38 million has been made since exploration began in 2006, and nickel should start being mined at the end of 2015.<ref>{{Citation
| url = http://allafrica.com/stories/201210070110.html
| title= Tanzania: Nickel Exploration Bears Fruit
| year =	 2012
| publisher = [[AllAfrica.com]]
| publication-place = [[Africa]]
| access-date = 18 October 2012
}}</ref>

Chinese firms have been showing major interest in Tanzania's mineral deposits; an announcement was made in late 2011 of a plan by the [[Sichuan Hongda Group]], to invest about [[United States dollar|US$]]3 billion to develop the [[Mchuchuma]] coal and [[Liganga]] iron ore projects in the south of the country.<ref name=China>{{cite web| url = http://thecitizen.co.tz/magazines/31-business-week/25133-china-seeks-to-venture-into-gold-mining-in-tanzania.html| title = Business Week Reporter, "China seeks to venture into gold mining in Tanzania", ''The Citizen'' (23 August 2012)| access-date = 5 September 2012| archive-date = 25 August 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120825000254/http://thecitizen.co.tz/magazines/31-business-week/25133-china-seeks-to-venture-into-gold-mining-in-tanzania.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> It was also announced in August 2012 that [[China National Gold Corp]] are in talks to purchase mining assets in Tanzania from [[African Barrick Gold]], in a deal that could be worth more than £2 billion&nbsp;[[Pound sterling|stg]].<ref name=China />

In November 2012, the Tanzanian government announced investigations into allegations that mining investors in the country were harassing and on some occasions, killing residents around mining sites.<ref>{{Citation
| url = http://allafrica.com/stories/201211260114.html
| title= Tanzania: Govt Vows to Probe Mining Investors' Brutality
| year =	 2012
| publisher = [[Allafrica.com]]
| publication-place = [[Africa]]
| access-date = 30 November 2012
}}</ref>
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===Education===
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===Electricity===
The government-owned [[TANESCO|Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited]] (TANESCO) dominates the electric supply industry in Tanzania.<ref name="EWURA-El">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ewura.go.tz/public-access-register/consumer-complaints/electricity/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023170705/http://www.ewura.go.tz/newsite/index.php/2012-03-09-08-22-52/electricity|url-status=dead|title=Electricity|archivedate=23 October 2014}}</ref> The country generated 6.013 billion [[kilowatt hours]] (kWh) of electricity in 2013, a 4.2 percent increase over the 5.771 billion kWh generated in 2012.<ref name="BudEx">{{cite web| url = http://www.mof.go.tz/mofdocs/budget/Budget%20Execution%20Report/BER%20January%20-%20March%202014%20Final.pdf| title = "Quarterly Economic Review and Budget Execution Report for Fiscal Year 2013/14: January–March 2014", Tanzania Ministry of Finance, May 2014, accessed 11 November 2014| access-date = 10 December 2014| archive-date = 11 November 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141111084258/http://www.mof.go.tz/mofdocs/budget/Budget%20Execution%20Report/BER%20January%20-%20March%202014%20Final.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref>{{rp|page 4}} Generation increased by 63 percent between 2005 and 2012;<ref name="2012Elec"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=TANZANIA&product=electricityandheat&year=2005|title=IEA – Report|access-date=10 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026122145/http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2005&country=TANZANIA&product=ElectricityandHeat|archive-date=26 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> however, only 15 percent of Tanzanians had access to electric power in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS|title=Access to electricity (% of population) &#124; Data|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> Almost 18 percent of the electricity generated in 2012 was lost because of theft and transmission and distribution problems.<ref name="2012Elec">{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2012&country=TANZANIA&product=ElectricityandHeat|title=IEA – Report|access-date=10 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828102429/http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2012&country=TANZANIA&product=ElectricityandHeat|archive-date=28 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The electrical supply varies, particularly when droughts disrupt hydropower electric generation; rolling blackouts are implemented as necessary.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1251}}<ref name="EWURA-El"/> The unreliability of the electrical supply has hindered the development of Tanzanian industry.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1251}} In 2013, 49.7 percent of Tanzania's electricity generation came from natural gas, 28.9 percent from hydroelectric sources, 20.4 percent from thermal sources, and 1.0 percent from outside the country.<ref name="BudEx"/>{{rp|page 5}} The government is building a {{convert|532|km|mi}} gas pipeline from [[Mnazi Bay-Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park|Mnazi Bay]] to Dar es Salaam, with a scheduled completion in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201409221366.html | title=Tanzania: Gas Connection to Dar Houses Faces Hurdles | website=allafrica.com}}</ref> This pipeline is expected to allow the country to double its electricity generation capacity to 3,000 megawatts by 2016.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201409170608.html | title=Tanzania: Govt Signs Gas Supply Deal to Double Power Generation | website=allafrica.com }}</ref> The government's goal is to increase capacity to at least 10,000 megawatts by 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gst.go.tz/images/TANZANIA%20ELECTRICITY%20SUPPLY%20INDUSTRY%20REFORM%20STRATEGY%20%26%20ROADMAP.pdf |title=Electricity Supply Industry Reform Strategy and Roadmap 2014–2025, Tanzania Ministry of Energy and Minerals, 30 June 2014, page i, accessed 26 October 2014 |access-date=10 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324111701/http://gst.go.tz/images/TANZANIA%20ELECTRICITY%20SUPPLY%20INDUSTRY%20REFORM%20STRATEGY%20%26%20ROADMAP.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Natural gas===
[[File:Songo Songo Gas Plant.jpg|thumb|right|[[Songo Songo Island|Songo Songo]] Gas Plant]]

According to [[PFC Energy]], 25 to 30 trillion cubic feet of recoverable natural gas resources have been discovered in Tanzania since 2010.<ref name="EIA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/international/?fips=tz|title=International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)|website=www.eia.gov}}</ref> The value of natural gas actually produced in 2013 was US$52.2 million, a 42.7 percent increase over 2012.<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 73}}

Commercial production of gas from the Songo Songo Island field in the Indian Ocean commenced in 2004, thirty years after it was discovered there.<ref name="EABrief">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/international/?fips=EEAE|title=International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)|website=www.eia.gov}}</ref><ref name="EWURA-Ng">[http://www.ewura.go.tz/newsite/index.php/2012-03-09-08-22-52/natural-gas Natural Gas – Introduction, Tanzania Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority, accessed 25 November 2014] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023143420/http://www.ewura.go.tz/newsite/index.php/2012-03-09-08-22-52/natural-gas |date=23 October 2014 }}</ref> Over 35 billion cubic feet of gas was produced from this field in 2013,<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 72}} with proven, probable, and possible reserves totalling 1.1 trillion cubic feet.<ref name="EWURA-Ng"/> The gas is transported by pipeline to Dar es Salaam.<ref name="EABrief"/> As of 27 August 2014, TANESCO owed the operator of this field, Orca Exploration Group Inc., US$50.4 million, down from US$63.8 million two months earlier.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.orcaexploration.com/pdfs/2014_Orca_Q2.pdf| title = "2014 Q2 Report for the Quarter Ended June 30 2014 and 2013", Orca Exploration Group Inc., page 3, accessed 24 October 2014| access-date = 10 December 2014| archive-date = 17 June 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190617204030/http://www.orcaexploration.com/pdfs/2014_Orca_Q2.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref>

A newer natural gas field in Mnazi Bay in 2013 produced about one-seventh of the amount produced near Songo Songo Island<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 73}} but has proven, probable, and possible reserves of 2.2 trillion cubic feet.<ref name="EWURA-Ng"/> Virtually all of that gas is being used for electricity generation in [[Mtwara]].<ref name="EABrief"/>

The [[Indian Ocean]], off the coast of [[Mozambique]] and [[Tanzania]], is proving to be a rich hunting ground for [[natural gas]] exploration. According to [[United States Geological Survey|US Geological Survey]] estimates, the combined gas reserves of Mozambique and Tanzania could be as high as 250 trillion cubic feet. In Mozambique alone, proven gas reserves have increased dramatically from a mere 4.6 trillion cubic feet in 2013 to 98.8 trillion cubic feet as of mid-2015. Given continued offshore discoveries and the size of discoveries to date, continued growth in proven gas reserves is likely to continue into the foreseeable future.<ref>{{cite web|title = Is East Africa's gas asset boom about to go bust?|url = http://www.mineweb.com/articles-by-type/independent-viewpoint/is-east-africas-gas-asset-boom-about-to-go-bust/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151020141243/http://www.mineweb.com/articles-by-type/independent-viewpoint/is-east-africas-gas-asset-boom-about-to-go-bust/|url-status = dead|archive-date = 20 October 2015|website = Mineweb|access-date = 18 February 2016|language = en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Bright Africa {{!}} The drivers, enablers and managers of investment on the continent|url = http://www.riscura.com/brightafrica/#gs.KXyCFFI|website = www.riscura.com|access-date = 18 February 2016}}</ref>

In 2014, Tanzania's natural gas production was 19 billion cubic feet (Bcf), a 30% decline from five years prior, but increased in mid-2015 following the commencement of operations at the Mnazi Bay Concession and a new pipeline to [[Dar es Salaam]]. Significant gas discoveries, including 16 to 17 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) by the BG Group and partners, and 22 Tcf by [[Equinor|Statoil]] with [[ExxonMobil]], have positioned Tanzania to potentially become an LNG exporter. However, development plans, including an LNG plant agreed upon in 2014 with international companies and the [[Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation]] (TPDC), have not advanced to sanctioning.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/TZA |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=www.eia.gov}}</ref>

New exploration on more frontier blocks, however, will likely be slowed as oil and gas prices fall<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/business/energy-environment/oil-prices.html?_r0|title=Oil Prices: What to Make of the Volatility|last=Krauss|first=Clifford|newspaper=The New York Times |date=15 May 2017 |access-date=16 July 2018|language=en}}</ref> and companies apply increasing caution to investing in frontier markets with nascent industries, poor infrastructure and long lead times.<ref>{{cite web|title = Frontier Markets in Focus {{!}} Mark Mobius|url = http://mobius.blog.franklintempleton.com/2016/01/12/frontier-markets-in-focus-2016-and-beyond/|website = Investment Adventures in Emerging Markets|date = 12 January 2016|access-date = 18 February 2016|archive-date = 29 September 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170929164300/http://mobius.blog.franklintempleton.com/2016/01/12/frontier-markets-in-focus-2016-and-beyond/|url-status = dead}}</ref>

The exploration and development of natural gas in Tanzania have boosted its economic framework. In 2024, the Ntorya gas field received a 25-year development license, a major step in harnessing Tanzania's [[natural gas]]. Managed by ARA Petroleum Tanzania Limited (APT), this field is expected to begin producing substantial gas quantities for domestic use within a year. Initial production is projected at 40 million cubic feet per day, with potential expansion to 140 million cubic feet per day in future years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-29 |title=ARA Petroleum to develop Tanzania's largest onshore natural gas discovery |url=https://worldoil.com/news/2024/5/29/ara-petroleum-to-develop-tanzania-s-largest-onshore-natural-gas-discovery/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=worldoil.com |language=en}}</ref>