Editing Earth First! (section)

=== HeadWaters ===
The HeadWaters campaign in Northern California aimed to protect the last [[old-growth redwood]] forests, Headwaters Grove (now known as [[Headwaters Forest Reserve]]) {{convert|3,000|acres}} of forest from logging by the [[Pacific Lumber Company]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brower|first=David|date=1996-09-15|title=Forest on the Verge|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/15/opinion/forest-on-the-verge.html|access-date=2021-04-17|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Charles Hurwitz]] and his company Maxxam, Inc. purchased Pacific Lumber Company in 1985, and planned to liquidate its assets including these [[old-growth forest]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lindsey|first=Robert|last2=|first2=|date=1988-03-02|title=Ancient Redwoods Fall to a Wall Street Takeover|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/02/us/ancient-redwoods-fall-to-a-wall-street-takeover.html|access-date=2021-04-17|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=1985-12-06|title=Maxxam Buys 60% Of Pacific Lumber|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/06/business/maxxam-buys-60-of-pacific-lumber.html|access-date=2021-04-17|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Reiterman|first=Tim|date=2005-02-21|title=A Titan of Logging Threatens to Topple|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-feb-21-me-timber21-story.html|access-date=2021-04-17|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

In May 1987, sawmill worker George Alexander lost several teeth and fractured his jaw when the saw he was operating struck an 11-inch spike and fragmented, sending shrapnel into his face. This incident, which occurred at the Cloverdale Louisiana-Pacific mill in northern California, is alleged to have been caused by tree-spiking by Earth First! members, but no conclusive evidence has been found to prove this.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-05-16-mn-9417-story.html | title=Booby-Trapped Tree Was Felled in Area Known for Bizarre Protests | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=16 May 1987 }}</ref>

In 1997, as part of the ongoing HeadWaters Redwoods protests, activists locked themselves to a redwood stump which was carried into California Congressman [[Frank Riggs]]' office in [[Eureka, California|Eureka]].<ref>{{cite web|date=June 9, 1998|title=Acts of Ecoterrorism by Radical Environmental Organizations|url=http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/judiciary/hju59927.000/hju59927_0.htm|url-status=live|work=[[United States House of Representatives]]|publisher=House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Crime, Committee on the Judiciary, United States Federal Government|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010109113200/http://commdocs.house.gov:80/committees/judiciary/hju59927.000/hju59927_0.htm |archive-date=2001-01-09 }}</ref> HeadWaters was an ongoing protest lasting over a decade, and ending in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rogers|first=Paul|date=8 March 2009|title=A decade after Headwaters deal, truce comes to Northern California redwood country|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_11844764|url-status=live|website=The Mercury News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104150546/http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_11844764 |archive-date=2012-01-04 }}</ref>

The 1990s lawsuit, Headwaters Forest Defense vs. Humboldt County, charged that police officers were using excessive force, including chemical weapons.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=Nicholas|date=August 22, 1998|title=Pepper Spray Trial Begins|url=http://www.monitor.net/monitor/9808a/pepperspray1a.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011115021119/http://www.monitor.net/monitor/9808a/pepperspray1a.html|archive-date=2001-11-15|access-date=2015-10-16|website=Albion Monitor}}</ref>

The first acknowledged death of an Earth First activist occurred on September 18, 1998, in Northern California's Redwood forests. Earth First activist [[Death of David Chain|David Nathan "Gypsy" Chain]] attempted to protect the forest by trespassing inside an active logging site. During the logging operations, a large redwood was cut down by a Pacific Lumber logger and fell upon Chain, who died instantly.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rosenfeld|first=Seth|date=1999-03-14|title=Death and anguish in the redwood wars|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Death-and-anguish-in-the-redwood-wars-3309094.php|access-date=2021-04-17|website=SFGATE|language=en-US}}</ref>