Editing Eadweard Muybridge (section)

==1860–1866: serious accident, recuperation, early patents, and short career as venture capitalist==
In July 1860, Muybridge suffered a head injury in a violent runaway [[stagecoach]] crash at the [[Texas]] border, which killed the driver and one passenger, and badly injured all other passengers. Muybridge was ejected from the vehicle and hit his head on a rock or another hard object.<ref name="Manjila"/>{{rp|1–2}} He woke up in a hospital bed at [[Fort Smith, Arkansas]], with no recollection of the nine days after he had taken supper at a wayside cabin {{convert|150|mi|km}} away, not long before the accident. He suffered from a bad headache, double vision, deafness, loss of taste and smell, and confusion. It was later claimed that his hair turned from black to grey in three days.<ref name=75hearing/> The problems persisted fully for three months and to a lesser extent for a year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDI18750206&e=------187-en--20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-muybridge----1875---1|title=Stockton Independent 6 February 1875 – California Digital Newspaper Collection|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>

[[Arthur P. Shimamura]], an [[experimental psychologist]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], has speculated that Muybridge suffered substantial injuries to the [[orbitofrontal cortex]] that probably also extended into the anterior temporal lobes, which may have led to some of the [[Frontal lobe disorder|emotional, eccentric behaviour]] reported by friends in later years, as well as freeing his creativity from conventional social inhibitions. Today, there is still little effective treatment for this kind of injury.<ref name="Shimamura">{{cite journal |last=Shimamura |first=Arthur P. |author-link=Arthur P. Shimamura |year=2002 |title=Muybridge in Motion: Travels in Art, Psychology, and Neurology |url=https://shimamurapubs.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/2002_shimamura-muybridge.pdf |journal=History of Photography |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=341–350 |doi=10.1080/03087298.2002.10443307 |s2cid=192943954 |access-date=5 January 2019 }}</ref>{{sfn|Solnit|2003|p=39|ps=}}<ref name="Manjila">{{cite journal |last1=Manjila |first1=Sunil |last2=Singh |first2=Gagandeep |last3=Alkhachroum |first3=Ayham M. |last4=Ramos-Estebanez |first4=Ciro |title=Understanding Edward Muybridge: historical review of behavioral alterations after a 19th-century head injury and their multifactorial influence on human life and culture |journal=Neurosurgical Focus |date=1 July 2015 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=E4 |doi=10.3171/2015.4.FOCUS15121 |pmid=26126403 |s2cid=207706545 |url=https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/39/1/article-pE4.xml |access-date=14 March 2022 |issn=1092-0684|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|2}}

Muybridge was treated at Fort Smith for three weeks before he went to a doctor in New York City. He fled the noise of the city and stayed in the countryside. He then went back to New York for six weeks and sued the stage company, which earned him a $2,500 compensation. Eventually, he felt well enough to travel to England, where he received medical care from [[Sir William Gull, 1st Baronet|Sir William Gull]] (who was also personal physician to [[Queen Victoria]]), and was prescribed abstinence of meat, alcohol, and coffee for over a year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18750206&e=------187-en--20--81-byDA-txt-txIN-muybridge-------1|title=Sacramento Daily Union 6 February 1875 – California Digital Newspaper Collection|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> Gull also recommended rest and outdoor activities, and considering a change in profession.<ref name="Manjila"/>{{rp|3}}

Muybridge stayed with his mother in [[Kennington]] and later with his aunt while in England.<ref name=Braun>{{Cite book|last=Braun|first=Marta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk26Wx9VEgsC&q=braun%20muybridge&pg=PA26|title=Eadweard Muybridge|date=2012|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-78023-000-9|language=en}}</ref> Muybridge later stated that he had become a photographer at the suggestion of Gull.<ref name="Shimamura"/><ref name="Manjila"/>{{rp|3}} However, while outdoors photography might have helped in getting some fresh air, dragging around heavy equipment and working with chemicals in a dark room did not comply with the prescriptions for rest that Gull preferred to offer.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Solnit|first=Rebecca|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIP8AgAAQBAJ&q=muybridge%20solnit&pg=PT52|title=River of Shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the Technological Wild West|date=2004|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-101-66266-3|language=en}}</ref>

On 28 September 1860, "E. Muggeridge, of New York" applied for British patent no. 2352 for "An improved method of, and apparatus for, plate printing" via London solicitor August Frederick Sheppard.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rj0DaagfZcMC&q=muggeridge%20sheppard%201860&pg=PA11-IA30|title=English Patents of Inventions, Specifications: 1860, 2300–2375|date=1861|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|language=en}}</ref>

On 1 August 1861, Muybridge received British patent no. 1914 for "Improvements in machinery or apparatus for washing clothes and other textile articles".<ref name=herbertpat>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/MuybridgePatents.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910070518/http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/MuybridgePatents.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=10 September 2011|title=Compleat Eadweard Muybridge – Patents |website=www.stephenherbert.co.uk|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref> On 28 October the French version of this patent was registered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bases-brevets19e.inpi.fr/index.asp?page=rechercheRapide|title=Internet INPI|website=bases-brevets19e.inpi.fr|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=10 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210205809/http://bases-brevets19e.inpi.fr/index.asp?page=rechercheRapide|url-status=dead}}</ref> He wrote a letter to his uncle Henry, who had immigrated to [[Sydney]] (Australia), with details of the patents and he also mentioned having to visit Europe for business for several months. Muybridge's inventions (or rather: improved machinery) were demonstrated at the [[1862 International Exhibition]].<ref name=Braun/>

Muybridge's activities and whereabouts between 1862 and 1865 are not very well documented. He turned up in Paris in 1862 and again in 1864. In 1865 he was one of the directors for the Austin Consolidated Silver Mines Company (limited) and for The Ottoman Company (limited)/The Bank of Turkey (limited), under his new name "Muybridge". Both enterprises were very short-lived due to the [[Panic of 1866]], and Muybridge chaired the meetings in which the companies were dissolved during the spring of 1866.<ref name=Braun/>

Muybridge may have taken up photography sometime between 1861 and 1866.{{sfn|Solnit|2003|p=39|ps=}} He possibly learned the [[Collodion process|wet-plate collodion]] process in England, and was possibly influenced by some of well-known English photographers of those years, such as [[Julia Margaret Cameron]], [[Lewis Carroll]], and [[Roger Fenton]]. However, it remains unclear how much he had already learned before the accident and how much he may have learned after his return to the United States.{{sfn|Solnit|2003|p=40|ps=}}<ref>Eadweard Muybridge. ''Muybridge's Complete Human and Animal Locomotion: All 781 Plates from the 1887 Animal Locomotion'', Courier Dover Publications, 1979</ref><ref>Lance Day, Ian McNeil. ''Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology'', p. 884. Routledge, 2003.</ref>