Editing ELIZA (section)

==Response and legacy==
Lay responses to ELIZA were disturbing to Weizenbaum and motivated him to write his book ''[[Computer Power and Human Reason|Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation]]'', in which he explains the limits of computers, as he wants to make clear his opinion that the anthropomorphic views of computers are just a reduction of human beings or any life form for that matter.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berry |first=David M. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868488916 |title=Critical theory and the digital |date=2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4411-1830-1 |location=London |oclc=868488916}}</ref> In the independent documentary film ''[[Plug & Pray]]'' (2010) Weizenbaum said that only people who misunderstood ELIZA called it a sensation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plugandpray-film.de/en/content.html |title=Content: Plug & Pray Film – Artificial Intelligence – Robots |last=maschafilm |website=plugandpray-film.de}}</ref>

[[David Avidan]], who was fascinated with future technologies and their relation to art, desired to explore the use of computers for writing literature. He conducted several conversations with an [[APL (programming language)|APL]] implementation of ELIZA and published them – in English, and in his own translation to [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] – under the title ''My Electronic Psychiatrist – Eight Authentic Talks with a Computer''. In the foreword, he presented it as a form of [[constrained writing]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Avidan |first=David |title=Collected Poems |volume=3 |year=2010 |publisher=Hakibbutz Hameuchad |location=Jerusalem |oclc=804664009}}.</ref>

There are many programs based on ELIZA in different programming languages. For [[MS-DOS]] computers, some [[Sound Blaster]] cards came bundled with [[Dr. Sbaitso]], which functions like the DOCTOR script. Other versions adapted ELIZA around a religious theme, such as ones featuring Jesus (both serious and comedic), and another Apple II variant called ''I Am Buddha''. The 1980 game ''[[The Prisoner (video game)|The Prisoner]]'' incorporated ELIZA-style interaction within its gameplay. In 1988, the British artist and friend of Weizenbaum [[Brian Reffin Smith]] created two art-oriented ELIZA-style programs written in [[BASIC]], one called "Critic" and the other "Artist", running on two separate [[Amiga 1000]] computers and showed them at the exhibition "Salamandre" in the Musée du Berry, [[Bourges]], France. The visitor was supposed to help them converse by typing in to "Artist" what "Critic" said, and vice versa. The secret was that the two programs were identical. [[GNU Emacs]] formerly had a <code>psychoanalyze-pinhead</code> [[Command (computing)|command]] that simulates a session between ELIZA and [[Zippy the Pinhead]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/ibm/library/lol/pinhead.html |title=lol:> psychoanalyze-pinhead|website=[[IBM]] |archive-date=October 23, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023012103/http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/ibm/library/lol/pinhead.html}}</ref> The Zippyisms were removed due to copyright issues, but the DOCTOR program remains.

ELIZA has been referenced in popular culture and continues to be a source of inspiration for programmers and developers focused on artificial intelligence. It was also featured in a 2012 exhibit at [[Harvard University]] titled "Go Ask [[Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity|A.L.I.C.E.]]", as part of a celebration of mathematician [[Alan Turing]]'s 100th birthday. The exhibit explores Turing's lifelong fascination with the interaction between humans and computers, pointing to ELIZA as one of the earliest realizations of Turing's ideas.<ref name=turing/>

ELIZA won a 2021 Legacy [[Peabody Award]]. A 2023 [[preprint]] reported that ELIZA beat [[OpenAI]]'s [[GPT-3.5]], the model used by [[ChatGPT]] at the time, in a [[Turing test]] study. However, it did not outperform [[GPT-4]] or real humans.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Benj |date=2023-12-01 |title=1960s chatbot ELIZA beat OpenAI's GPT-3.5 in a recent Turing test study |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/12/real-humans-appeared-human-63-of-the-time-in-recent-turing-test-ai-study/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Jones |first1=Cameron R. |title=Does GPT-4 pass the Turing test? |date=2024-04-20 |arxiv=2310.20216 |last2=Bergen |first2=Benjamin K.}}</ref>

=== Eliza Effect ===
{{Main|ELIZA effect}}

The Eliza effect borrowed its name from ELIZA the chatbot. This effect is first defined in ''[[Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies|Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models and the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought]]''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hofstadter |first=Douglas R. |title=Fluid concepts & creative analogies: computer models of the fundamental mechanisms of thought |date=1995 |publisher=Basic Books |others=Fluid Analogies Research Group |isbn=978-0-465-02475-9 |location=New York, NY}}</ref> as humans’ assumption of which computer programs understand the user inputs and make analogies. However, it has no permanent knowledge but “handling a list of ‘assertions’.”

This misunderstanding can potentially manipulate and misinform users. When interacting and communicating with chatbots, users can be overly confident in the reliability of the chatbots’ answers. Other than misinforming, the chatbot's human-mimicking nature can also cause severe consequences, especially for younger users who lack a sufficient understanding of the chatbot's mechanism.