Editing Dungan language (section)

== Phonology ==
In basic structure and vocabulary, the Dungan language is not very different from [[Mandarin Chinese]], specifically a variety of [[Zhongyuan Mandarin]] (not Lan-Yin Mandarin) spoken in the southern part of the province of Gansu and the western part of the valley of [[Guanzhong]] in the province of [[Shaanxi]]. Like other [[Varieties of Chinese|Chinese varieties]], Dungan is [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal]]. There are two main dialects, one with 4 tones and the other, considered standard, with 3 tones in the final position in phonetic words and 4 tones in the nonfinal position.

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Consonant phonemes of Dungan
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
!([[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo]]-)[[Alveolo-palatal consonant|<br>palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
![[Tenuis consonant|{{small|voiceless}}]]
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|k}}
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|{{small|aspirated}}]]
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|{{IPA link|tʰ}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
![[Tenuis consonant|{{small|voiceless}}]]
|
|{{IPA link|t͡s}}
|{{IPA link|ʈ͡ʂ}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ɕ}}
|
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|{{small|aspirated}}]]
|
|{{IPA link|t͡sʰ}}
|{{IPA link|ʈ͡ʂʰ}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ɕʰ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
![[Voicelessness|{{small|voiceless}}]]
|{{IPA link|f}}
|{{IPA link|s̪|s}}
|{{IPA link|ʂ}}
|{{IPA link|ɕ}}
|{{IPA link|x}}
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|{{small|voiced}}]]
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|v}}
|
|{{IPA link|ʐ}}
|{{IPA link|ʝ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|l}}
|{{IPA link|ɻ}}
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:1em;text-align:center;"
|+ '''Consonant table with orthography'''
|-
! colspan="4" align="center" |[[Tenuis consonant|Unaspirated]]
|
! colspan="4" align="center" |[[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspirated]]
|
! colspan="4" align="center" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
|
! colspan="4" align="center" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
! colspan="4" align="center" |[[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]
|-
!Cyrillic
!Latin
!Pinyin
!IPA
|
!Cyrillic
!Latin
!Pinyin
!IPA
|
!Cyrillic
!Latin
!Pinyin
!IPA
|
!Cyrillic
!Latin
!Pinyin
!IPA
|
!Cyrillic
!Latin
!Pinyin
!IPA
|-
!б
|b
|b
|{{IPA|[p]}}
|
!п
|p
|p
|{{IPA|[pʰ]}}
|
!м
|m
|m
|{{IPA|[m]}}
|
!ф
|f
|f
|{{IPA|[f]}}
|
!в
|v
|w
|{{IPA|[v]}}, {{IPA|[w]}}
|-
!д
|d
|d
|{{IPA|[t]}}
|
!т
|t
|t
|{{IPA|[tʰ]}}
|
!н
|n
|n
|{{IPA|[n]}}
|
!
|
|
|
|
!л
|l
|l
|{{IPA|[l]}}
|-
!з
|z
|z
|{{IPA|[t͡s]}}
|
!ц
|c
|c
|{{IPA|[t͡sʰ]}}
|
!
|
|
|
|
!с
|s
|s
|{{IPA|[s]}}
|
!р
| rowspan="2" |r
| rowspan="2" |r
|{{IPA|[ɻ]}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |җ
| rowspan="2" |j
|zh
|{{IPA|[t͡ʂ]}}
|
! rowspan="2" |ч
| rowspan="2" |ch
|ch
|{{IPA|[t͡ʂʰ]}}
|
!
|
|
|
|
!ш
| rowspan="2" |sh
|sh
|{{IPA|[ʂ]}}
|
!ж
|{{IPA|[ʐ]}}
|-
|j
|{{IPA|[t͡ɕ]}}
|
|q
|{{IPA|[t͡ɕʰ]}}
|
!
|
|
|
|
!щ
|x
|{{IPA|[ɕ]}}
|
!й
|y
|y
|{{IPA|[ʝ]}}
|-
!г
|g
|g
|{{IPA|[k]}}
|
!к
|k
|k
|{{IPA|[kʰ]}}
|
!ң
|ng
|ng
|{{IPA|[ŋ]}}
|
!х
|h
|h
|{{IPA|[x]}}
|
!
|
|
|
|}
*{{IPA|/ŋ/}} can also be heard as a voiced fricative {{IPA|[ɣ]}} among other Gansw dialects.
*{{IPA|/v/}} can be heard as {{IPA|[w]}} in the Şanşi dialects.

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" |Medial
! colspan="12" |Nucleus
|-
!{{IPA|∅}}
!{{IPA|a}}
!ɤ
!ɛ
!ɔ
!ʊ
!əj
!{{IPA|∅}}̃
!æ̃
!ɔ̃
!ʊ̃
!ɚ
|-
!{{IPA|∅}}
|ɨ
|a
|ɤ
|ɛ
|ɔ
|ʊ
|əj
|ə̃
|æ̃
|ɔ̃
|ʊ̃
|ɚ
|-
!j
|i
|ja
|je
|
|jɔ
|jɤw
|
|ĩ
|jɛ̃
|jɔ̃
|
|
|-
!w
|u
|wa
|wɤ
|wɛ
|wɔ
|u
|wəj, wɛj
|
|wæ̃
|wɔ̃
|ũ
|
|-
!ɥ
|y
|ɥa
|ɥe
|
|
|
|
|ỹ
|yɛ̃
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:1em;text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowel table'''
|-
!Cyrillic
!Latin
!Pinyin
!IPA
|
!Cyrillic
!Latin
!Pinyin
!IPA
|
!Cyrillic
!Latin
!Pinyin
!IPA
|
!Cyrillic
!Latin
!Pinyin
!IPA
|-
!ы
|î
|i
|{{IPA|[ɨ]}}
|
!и
|i
|i
|{{IPA|[i]}}, {{IPA|[ɪi]}}
|
!ў
|û
|u
|{{IPA|[u]}}, {{IPA|[ɤu]}}
|
!ү
|ü
|ü, u
|{{IPA|[y]}}
|-
!а
|a
|a
|{{IPA|[a]}}
|
!я
|ia (ya)
|ia (ya)
|{{IPA|[ja]}}
|
!уа
|ua
|ua
|{{IPA|[wa]}}
|
!үa
|üa
|üa
|{{IPA|[ɥa]}}
|-
!ә
|ê
|e
|{{IPA|[ɤ]}}
|
!е
|ie (ye)
|{{Not a typo|ie}} (ye)
|{{IPA|[je]}}
|
!уә
|uê
|ue
|{{IPA|[wɤ]}}
|
!үә
|üe
|üe
|{{IPA|[ɥe]}}
|-
!э
|e
|ê, ai
|{{IPA|[ɛ]}}
|
!
|
|
|
|
!уэ
|ue
|uai
|{{IPA|[wɛ]}}
|
!
|
|
|
|-
!о
|o
|ao
|{{IPA|[ɔ]}}
|
!ё
|io (yo)
|iao (yao)
|{{IPA|[jɔ]}}
|
!уэй
|uei
|ui
|{{IPA|[wɛj]}}
|
!
|
|
|
|-
!ый
|îi
|ei
|{{IPA|[əj]}}
|
!
|
|
|
|
!уй
|ui
|wei
|{{IPA|[wəj]}}
|
!
|
|
|
|-
!у
|u
|ou
|{{IPA|[ʊ]}}
|
!ю
|iu (yu)
|iu (you)
|{{IPA|[jɤw]}}
|
!уо
|uo
|uo
|{{IPA|[wɔ]}}
|
!
|
|
|
|-
!ан
|an
|an
|{{IPA|[æ̃]}}
|
!ян
|ian (yan)
|ian (yan)
|{{IPA|[jɛ̃]}}
|
!уан
|uan
|uan
|{{IPA|[wæ̃]}}
|
!үан
|üan
|(j/q/x/y)üan
|{{IPA|[yɛ̃]}}
|-
!он
|on
|ang
|{{IPA|[ɔ̃]}}
|
!ён
|ion (yon)
|iang (yang)
|{{IPA|[jɔ̃]}}
|
!уон
|uon
|uang
|{{IPA|[wɔ̃]}}
|
!
|
|
|
|-
!ын
|în
|eng, en
|{{IPA|[ə̃~ɤ̃]}}
|
!ин
|in
|ing, in
|{{IPA|[ĩ]}}, {{IPA|[ɪĩ]}}
|
!ун
|un
|ong
|{{IPA|[ʊ̃]}}, {{IPA|[ʊə̃]}}
|
!үн
|ün
|iong, ün
|{{IPA|[ỹ]}}
|-
!эр
|er
|er
|{{IPA|[ɚ~əɻ]}}
|
!
|
|
|
|
!ўн
|ûn
|ung
|{{IPA|[ũ]}}
|
!
|
|
|
|}
*{{IPA|/ə˞/}} can be heard as {{IPA|[ɯ˞]}} in Kyrgyzstan.

Vowel constructs that can be used as independent syllable without consonants are shown in parentheses. There are [[rhotacised vowel]]s, as well as some syllables only seen in loan words from Russian, Arabic, Kyrgyz, etc., in addition to the above table.

=== Tones ===
Tones in Dungan are marked with nothing (tone 1), a [[ъ]] (tone 2) and [[ь]] (tone 3).<ref name="omniglot.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/chinese/dungan.htm|title=Dungan language, alphabet and pronunciation|website=www.omniglot.com|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Tonal comparison between Dungan and Mandarin'''
|-
! rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Standard Chinese phonology#Tones|Standard Chinese tone number]]
! rowspan="2" align="center" |Dungan [[tone number]]
! rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Tone name]]
! colspan="2" align="center" |Dungan example
! colspan="2" align="center" |[[Chinese character]]
! colspan="2" align="center" |Gansu-Dungan
! colspan="2" align="center" |Shaanxi-Dungan
! colspan="2" align="center" |[[Standard Chinese]]
! rowspan="2" align="center" |References
|-
!Orthography
!IPA
!Orthography
!IPA
! align="center" |Pitch pattern
! align="center" |[[Tone contour]]
! align="center" |Pitch pattern
! align="center" |[[Tone contour]]
! align="center" |Pitch pattern
! align="center" |[[Tone contour]]
|-
| align="center" |1
| rowspan="2" align="center" |1
| align="center" |陰平<br>(yīnpíng)
| align="center" |хуа
|/xwǎ/
| align="center" |花
|/xwá/
| rowspan="2" align="center" |Rising
| rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|˨˦}} (24)
| align="center" |Falling
| align="center" |{{IPA|˥˩}} (51)
| align="center" |High
| align="center" |{{IPA|˥}} (55)
| rowspan="2" |Standard Gansu-Dungan does not distinguish tone 1 and tone 2 only in the final position of phonetic words.
|-
| align="center" |2
| align="center" |陽平<br>(yángpíng)
| align="center" |хуа
|/xwǎ/
| align="center" |華
|/xwǎ/
| align="center" |Rising
| align="center" |{{IPA|˨˦}} (24)
| align="center" |Rising
| align="center" |{{IPA|˧˥}} (35)
|-
| align="center" |3
| align="center" |2
| align="center" |上聲<br>(shǎngshēng)
| align="center" |вə(ъ)
|/vɤ̂/
| align="center" |我
|/wò/
| align="center" |Falling
| align="center" |{{IPA|˥˩}} (51)
| align="center" |Falling
| align="center" |{{IPA|˥˧}} (53)
| align="center" |Low/dipping
| align="center" |{{IPA|˩, ˨˩˦}} (1, 214)
||
|-
| align="center" |4
| align="center" |3
| align="center" |去聲<br>(qùshēng)
| align="center" |чў(ь)
|/t͡ɕú/
| align="center" |去
|/t͡ɕŷ/
| align="center" |High
| align="center" |{{IPA|˦}} (44)
| align="center" |High
| align="center" |{{IPA|˦}} (44)
| align="center" |Falling
| align="center" |{{IPA|˥˨}} (52)
||Some syllables originating in tone 4 fall into tone 1 in modern Mandarin.
|-
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |輕聲
(qīngshēng)
| align="center" |зы
|/t͡sɨ/
| align="center" |子
|/t͡sɹ̩/
| align="center" |Short
| align="center" |Varies
| align="center" |Short
| align="center" |Varies
| align="center" |Short
| align="center" |Varies
||Actual pitch depends on the preceding syllable.
|}