Editing Duḥkha (section)

===='Standing unstable'====
However, according to [[Monier Monier-Williams]], the actual roots of the [[Pali]] term [[wikt:dukkha|''dukkha'']] appear to be [[Sanskrit]] [[wikt:दुस्-|दुस्-]] (''dus-'', "bad") + [[wikt:स्था|स्था]] (''sthā'', "to stand").{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1899|p=483, entry note:&nbsp;}}{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Monier-Williams|1899|p=483, entry note:&nbsp;}}: "according to grammarians properly written ''dush-kha'' and said to be from ''duḥ-'' and ''kha'' [cf. ''su-khá'']; but more probably a Prākritized form for duḥ-sthā'', q.v."}} Regular phonological changes in the development of Sanskrit into the various [[Prakrit]]s led to a shift from ''dus-sthā'' to ''duḥkha'' to ''dukkha''.

Analayo concurs, stating that ''dukkha'' as derived from ''duḥ-sthā'', "standing badly," "conveys nuances of "uneasiness" or of being "uncomfortable."{{sfnp|Analayo|2013}} Silk Road philologist [[Christopher I. Beckwith]] elaborates on this derivation.{{sfnp|Beckwith|2015|p=28}} According to Beckwith:
{{quote|...although the sense of duḥkha in Normative Buddhism is traditionally given as 'suffering', that and similar interpretations are highly unlikely for Early Buddhism. Significantly, Monier-Williams himself doubts the usual explanation of duḥkha and presents an alternative one immediately after it, namely: duḥ-stha "'standing badly,' unsteady, disquieted (lit. and fig.); uneasy", and so on. This form is also attested, and makes much better sense as the opposite of the Rig Veda sense of sukha, which Monier-Williams gives in full.{{sfnp|Beckwith|2015|p=30}}{{refn|group=note|Beckwith notes [[similarities between Pyrrhonism and Buddhism]], and argues that the Greek philosopher [[Pyrrho]] (c. 360 – c. 270 BC) based his new philosophy, [[Pyrrhonism]], on elements of [[Pre-sectarian Buddhism|Early Buddhism]], most particularly the Buddhist [[three marks of existence]]. According to Beckwith, Pyrrho translated ''dukkha'' into Greek as ''astathmēta''.{{sfnp|Beckwith|2015|p=22-23}} Becwith's views are not supported by mainstream scholarship.}}}}