Editing Dry ice (section)

==Applications==
===Commercial===
[[File:Ice cream cart - geograph.org.uk - 1485853.jpg|thumb|An ice cream cart]]

The most common use of dry ice is to preserve food,<ref name="Yaws 2001 p=125"/> using [[Refrigeration#Non-cyclic refrigeration|non-cyclic refrigeration]].

[[File:Dry ice in cup.jpg|thumb|right|Sublimation]]
[[File:Dry Ice in Water.jpg|thumb|Dry ice in water]]

It is frequently used to package items that must remain cold or frozen, such as ice cream or biological samples, in the absence of availability or practicality of [[Refrigeration|mechanical cooling]].

Dry ice is critical in the deployment of some vaccines, which require storage at ultra-cold temperatures along their supply line.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-19-vaccines-start-a-frenzy-for-dry-ice-its-like-a-herd-of-mustangs-11607007166?mod=hp_lista_pos5|title=Dry Ice Demand Swells as Covid-19 Vaccines Prepare for Deployment|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|first1=Jessie|last1=Newman|date=3 December 2020|access-date=3 December 2020|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082035/https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-19-vaccines-start-a-frenzy-for-dry-ice-its-like-a-herd-of-mustangs-11607007166?mod=hp_lista_pos5|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dry ice can be used to [[flash freezing|flash-freeze]] food<ref name=flashfreeze>{{cite web |url=http://www.airgas.com/content/details.aspx?id=7000000000103 |title=Cool Uses for Dry Ice |publisher=Airgas.com |access-date=2009-07-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201124708/http://www.airgas.com/content/details.aspx?id=7000000000103 |archive-date=2010-12-01 }}</ref> or laboratory biological samples,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/dsg11/labmanual/DNA_manipulations/Comp_bact_by_RF1_RF2.htm |title=Preparing Competent E. coli with RF1/RF2 solutions |publisher=Personal.psu.edu |access-date=2009-07-25 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923024451/http://www.personal.psu.edu/dsg11/labmanual/DNA_manipulations/Comp_bact_by_RF1_RF2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Carbonated water|carbonate]] beverages,<ref name=flashfreeze/> make [[ice cream]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Blumenthal|first=Heston|title=How to make the best treacle tart and ice cream in the world|newspaper=The Sunday Times|date=2006-10-29|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/heston_blumenthal/article607734.ece?print=yes|access-date=2007-06-12|location=London|archive-date=2011-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629122523/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/heston_blumenthal/article607734.ece?print=yes|url-status=dead}}</ref> solidify [[oil spills]]<ref>"Zapping Oil Spills with Dry Ice and Ingenuity" by Gordon Dillow Los Angeles Times South Bay section page 1 2/24/1994</ref> and stop [[ice sculptures]] and ice walls from melting.

Dry ice can be used to arrest and prevent insect activity in closed containers of grains and grain products, as it displaces oxygen, but does not alter the taste or quality of foods. For the same reason, it can prevent or retard food oils and fats from becoming [[Rancidity|rancid]].

When dry ice is placed in water, [[Sublimation (chemistry)|sublimation]] is accelerated, and low-sinking, dense clouds of smoke-like fog are created. This is used in [[fog machine]]s, at [[theater|theatre]]s, [[haunted house attractions]], and [[nightclub]]s for dramatic effects. Unlike most artificial [[fog machine]]s, in which fog rises like smoke, fog from dry ice hovers near the ground.<ref name="hsw">{{cite web|publisher = HowStuffWorks|title = How does dry ice work?|url = http://www.howstuffworks.com/question264.htm|access-date = 2009-07-26|date = April 2000|archive-date = 2009-07-17|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090717004221/http://www.howstuffworks.com/question264.htm|url-status = live}}</ref> Dry ice is useful in theatre productions that require dense fog effects.<ref>{{Harvnb|McCarthy|1992}}</ref> The fog originates from the bulk water into which the dry ice is placed, and not from atmospheric water vapor (as is commonly assumed).<ref>{{Cite journal|title = A Molecular Explanation of How the Fog Is Produced when Dry Ice Is Placed in Water|journal = Journal of Chemical Education|date = 2015-04-14|issn = 0021-9584|pages = 643–648|volume = 92|issue = 4|doi = 10.1021/ed400754n|first1 = Thomas S.|last1 = Kuntzleman|first2 = Nathan|last2 = Ford|first3 = Jin-Hwan|last3 = No|first4 = Mark E.|last4 = Ott|bibcode = 2015JChEd..92..643K }}</ref>

It is occasionally used to freeze and remove [[warts]].<ref>{{cite journal|title = Management of warts|author = Lyell A.|journal = British Medical Journal|volume = 2|issue = 5529|year = 1966|pages = 1576–9|pmid = 5926267|doi = 10.1136/bmj.2.5529.1576|pmc = 1944935}}</ref> However, [[liquid nitrogen]] performs better in this role, as it is colder, thereby requiring less time to act, and needs less pressure to store.<ref name=aa1317 /> Dry ice has fewer problems with storage, since it can be generated from compressed carbon dioxide gas as needed.<ref name=aa1317>{{Harvnb|Goroll|Mulley|2009|page=1317}}</ref>

In [[plumbing]], dry ice is used to cut off water flow to pipes to allow repairs to be made without shutting off water mains. Pressurised liquid CO<sub>2</sub> is forced into a jacket wrapped around a pipe, which in turn causes the water inside to freeze and block the pipe. When the repairs are done, the jacket is removed and the ice plug melts, allowing the flow to resume. This technique can be used on pipes up to 4&nbsp;inches or 100&nbsp;mm in diameter.<ref name="plumbing2">{{Harvnb|Treloar|2003|p=528}}</ref>

Dry ice can be used as [[bait (luring substance)|bait]] to trap [[mosquito]]es, [[Bed bug|bedbugs]], and other insects, due to their attraction to carbon dioxide.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Comparative effectiveness of three adult mosquito sampling methods in habitats representative of four different biomes of California|vauthors=Reisen WK, Boyce K, Cummings RC, Delgado O, Gutierrez A, Meyer RP, Scott TW |journal = J Am Mosq Control Assoc|volume = 15|issue = 1|year = 1999|pages = 24–31|pmid = 10342265}}</ref>

It can be used to exterminate rodents. This is done by dropping pellets into rodent tunnels in the ground and then sealing off the entrance, thus suffocating the animals as the dry ice sublimates.<ref>{{cite news|title = City Deploys Dry Ice To Exterminate Rats|newspaper = New York Daily News|url = http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/city-deploys-dry-ice-exterminate-rats-article-1.3857504|access-date = 2018-03-06|archive-date = 2018-03-06|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180306083332/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/city-deploys-dry-ice-exterminate-rats-article-1.3857504|url-status = live}}</ref>

Tiny dry ice pellets can be used to fight fire by both cooling fuel and suffocating the fire by excluding oxygen.<ref>"Could a Freeze Gun Put Flames on Ice" by Zantos Peabody Los Angeles Times local section B3 9/3/2002</ref>

The extreme temperature of dry ice can cause [[viscoelastic]] materials to change to [[Glass transition|glass]] phase. Thus, it is useful for removing many types of [[pressure sensitive adhesive]]s.

===Industrial===
[[File:Rubbermold.jpg|thumb|Dry ice blasting used for cleaning a [[rubber]] mold]]
[[File:Čišćenje instalacija suhim ledom.jpg|thumb|Dry ice blasting used for cleaning electrical installations]]

Dry ice can be used for loosening asphalt floor tiles or car sound deadening material, making them easy to prise off,<ref name=PM169>{{cite journal |date=February 1961 |author1=Horrell, Bill |title=Dry ice pops off Asphalt Tile |journal=Popular Mechanics |volume=115 |issue=2 |page=169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9wDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA169 |access-date=2016-09-23 |archive-date=2013-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606003724/http://books.google.com/books?id=R9wDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA169 |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as freezing water in valveless pipes to enable repair.<ref name=PM159>{{cite journal |date=July 1960 |author1=Mundis, Warren J. |title=Dry Ice as a Plumbing Aid |journal=Popular Science |volume=177 |issue=1 |page=159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCYDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA159 |access-date=2016-09-23 |archive-date=2013-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604035651/http://books.google.com/books?id=VCYDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA159 |url-status=live }}</ref>

One of the largest mechanical uses of dry ice is [[Dry ice blasting|blast cleaning]]. Dry ice pellets are shot from a nozzle with [[compressed air]], combining the power of the speed of the pellets with the action of the sublimation. This can remove residues from industrial equipment. Examples of materials removed include ink, glue, oil, paint, mold and rubber. Dry ice blasting can replace sandblasting, steam blasting, water blasting or solvent blasting. The primary environmental residue of dry ice blasting is the sublimed CO<sub>2</sub>, thus making it a useful technique where residues from other blasting techniques are undesirable.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wolcott |first=John |title=Ice-blasting firm offers a cool way to clean up |newspaper=The Daily Herald |date=January 2008 |url=http://www.heraldbusinessjournal.com/archive/jan08/iceblasting-jan08.htm |access-date=2008-01-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109001112/http://www.heraldbusinessjournal.com/archive/jan08/iceblasting-jan08.htm |archive-date=January 9, 2008 }}</ref> Recently, blast cleaning has been introduced as a method of removing smoke damage from structures after fires.

Dry ice is also useful for the de-gassing of flammable vapours from storage tanks&nbsp;— the sublimation of dry ice pellets inside an emptied and vented tank causes an outrush of CO<sub>2</sub> that carries with it the flammable vapours.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pamech |title=Application in industry |url=https://pamech.pl/zastosowanie-w-przemysle/ |date=7 November 2023 }}</ref>

The removal and fitting of [[cylinder liner]]s in large engines requires the use of dry ice to chill and thus shrink the liner so that it freely slides into the engine block. When the liner then warms up, it expands, and the resulting [[interference fit]] holds it tightly in place. Similar procedures may be used in fabricating mechanical assemblies with a high resultant strength, replacing the need for pins, keys or welds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engineersedge.com/bearing/bushing_press_fit.htm|title=Bushing and Plain Bearings Press or Shrink Fit Design and Application – Engineers Edge|work=engineersedge.com|access-date=6 July 2015|archive-date=7 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707024750/http://www.engineersedge.com/bearing/bushing_press_fit.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dry ice has found its application in construction for [[Ground freezing|freezing soil]], serving as an effective alternative to [[liquid nitrogen]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shuplik |first1=Mikhail |last2=Nikolaev |first2=Petr |date=2019 |title=Advanced ground freezing method and its applications in underground construction |url=https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/abs/2019/14/matecconf_gccets2018_04021/matecconf_gccets2018_04021.html |journal=MATEC Web of Conferences |language=en |volume=265 |pages=04021 |doi=10.1051/matecconf/201926504021 |issn=2261-236X}}</ref> This method reduces the soil temperature to approximately -70 to -74 °C, rapidly freezing the groundwater. As a result, the soil's strength and impermeability significantly increase,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ren |first1=Zhifeng |last2=Liu |first2=Jiankun |last3=Jiang |first3=Haiqiang |last4=Wang |first4=Enliang |date=2023-01-01 |title=Experimental study and simulation for unfrozen water and compressive strength of frozen soil based on artificial freezing technology |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165232X22002300 |journal=Cold Regions Science and Technology |volume=205 |pages=103711 |doi=10.1016/j.coldregions.2022.103711 |bibcode=2023CRST..20503711R |issn=0165-232X}}</ref> which is essential for the safe execution of underground construction projects.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nikolaev |first1=Petr |last2=Sedighi |first2=Majid |last3=Rajabi |first3=Hamid |last4=Pankratenko |first4=Alexander |date=2022-12-01 |title=Artificial ground freezing by solid carbon dioxide – Analysis of thermal performance |journal=Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology |volume=130 |pages=104741 |doi=10.1016/j.tust.2022.104741 |bibcode=2022TUSTI.13004741N |issn=0886-7798|doi-access=free }}</ref>

It is also useful as a [[cutting fluid#CO2 Coolant|cutting fluid]].

===Scientific===
In [[laboratories]], a slurry of dry ice in an [[organic solvent]] is a useful [[freezing mixture]] for cold [[chemical reactions]] and for condensing solvents in [[rotary evaporator]]s.<ref name="House">{{Harvnb|Housecroft|2001|page=410}}</ref> Dry ice and [[acetone]] forms a cold bath of {{cvt|−78|C|F K|0}}, which can be used for instance to prevent [[thermal runaway]] in a [[Swern oxidation]].

The process of [[cloud seeding|altering cloud precipitation]] can be done with the use of dry ice.<ref name=Keyescs /> It was widely used in experiments in the US in the 1950s and early 1960s before it was replaced by [[silver iodide]].<ref name=Keyescs /> Dry ice has the advantage of being relatively cheap and completely non-toxic.<ref name=Keyescs /> Its main drawback is the need to be delivered directly into the [[supercooled]] region of clouds being seeded.<ref name=Keyescs>{{Harvnb|Keyes|2006|page=83}}</ref>

===Dry ice bombs===
{{Main|Dry ice bomb}}
[[File:Dry Ice Bomb.jpg|thumb|[[Dry ice bomb]]|right]]

A "dry ice bomb" is a balloon-like device using dry ice in a sealed container such as a [[plastic bottle]]. Water is usually added to accelerate the sublimation of the dry ice. As the dry ice [[sublimation (chemistry)|sublimes]], pressure increases, causing the bottle to burst with a loud noise. The screw cap can be replaced with a rubber stopper to make a [[water rocket]].

The dry ice bomb device was featured on ''[[MythBusters]]'', episode 57 [[MythBusters (2006 season)#Episode 57 .E2.80.93 .22Diet Coke and Mentos.22|Mentos and Soda]], which first aired on August 9, 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mythbustersresults.com/episode57|title=Mythbusters episode 57|publisher=mythbustersresults.com|access-date=2009-07-31|archive-date=2009-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627053916/http://mythbustersresults.com/episode57|url-status=usurped}}</ref> It was also featured in an episode of ''[[Time Warp (TV series)|Time Warp]]'', as well as in an episode of ''[[Archer (2009 TV series)|Archer]]''.