Editing Drum (section)

==History==
[[Image:MocheDrum.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Moche culture|Moche]] ceramic vessel depicting a drummer. [[Larco Museum]] Collection. Lima-Peru]]

[[Alligator drum|Drums made with alligator skins]] have been found in [[Neolithic China|Neolithic cultures]] located in China, dating to a period of 5500–2350 BC. In literary records, drums manifested shamanistic characteristics and were often used in ritual ceremonies.<ref>Liu, Li (2007). ''The Chinese Neolithic: Trajectories to Early States''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-01064-0}}, p. 123</ref>

The bronze [[Dong Son drum]] was fabricated by the [[Bronze Age]] [[Dong Son culture]] of northern Vietnam. They include the ornate [[Ngoc Lu drum]].

===Animal drumming===
[[Macaque monkey]]s drum objects in a rhythmic way to show [[Social Dominance Theory|social dominance]] and this has been shown to be processed in a similar way in their brains to vocalizations, suggesting an evolutionary origin to drumming as part of social communication.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Remedios | first1 = R | last2 = Logothetis | first2 = NK | last3 = Kayser | first3 = C | title = Monkey drumming reveals common networks for perceiving vocal and nonvocal communication sounds | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 106 | issue = 42 | pages = 18010–5 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19805199 | pmc = 2755465 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0909756106 | bibcode = 2009PNAS..10618010R | doi-access = free }}</ref> Other [[primate]]s including [[gorilla]]s make drumming sounds by chest beating or hand clapping,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Clark Arcadi | first1 = A | last2 = Robert | first2 = D | last3 = Mugurusi | first3 = F | title = A comparison of buttress drumming by male chimpanzees from two populations | journal = Primates; Journal of Primatology | volume = 45 | issue = 2 | pages = 135–9 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14735390 | doi = 10.1007/s10329-003-0070-8 | s2cid = 8141024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s10329-009-0130-9 | last1 = Kalan | first1 = AK | last2 = Rainey | first2 = HJ. | year = 2009 | title = Hand-clapping as a communicative gesture by wild female swamp gorillas | journal = Primates | volume = 50 | issue = 3| pages = 273–5 | pmid = 19221858 | s2cid = 24427744 }}</ref> and rodents such as [[kangaroo rat]]s also make similar sounds using their paws on the ground.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Randall | first1 = JA. | year = 2001 | title = Evolution and Function of Drumming as Communication in Mammals | journal = American Zoologist | volume = 41 | issue = 5 | pages = 1143–1156 | doi = 10.1668/0003-1569(2001)041[1143:EAFODA]2.0.CO;2 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.577.2992 | s2cid = 198156546 }}</ref>

===Talking drums===
{{main|Talking drum}}
Drums are used not only for their musical qualities, but also as a means of [[Drums in communication|communication]] over great distances. The talking drums of Africa are used to imitate the tone patterns of spoken language. Throughout [[History of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan history]] drums have been used for communication between the state and the community, and Sri Lankan drums have a history stretching back over 2500 years.

===Drums in art===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Bekertrom van hout TMnr 4851-5.jpg|thumb|A well-used [[Rhythm in Sub-Saharan Africa|African drum]]]]
Drumming may be a purposeful expression of emotion for entertainment, spiritualism and communication. Many cultures practice drumming as a spiritual or religious passage and interpret drummed rhythm similarly to spoken language or prayer. Drumming has developed over millennia to be a powerful art form. Drumming is commonly viewed as the root of music and is sometimes performed as a kinesthetic dance. As a discipline, drumming concentrates on training the body to punctuate, convey and interpret musical rhythmic intention to an audience and to the performer.

===Military uses===
{{Further|Military drums}}
{{listen
|filename=Drum - Cadence A.ogg
|title=Drum - Cadence A
|filename2=Drum - Cadence B.ogg
|title2=Drum - Cadence B
|filename3=Drums - Four Flams.ogg
|title3=Drum - Four Flams
|description3=[[Snare drum]] [[drum cadence|cadences]] performed by the [[United States Navy Band]]
}}
Chinese troops used [[tàigǔ]] drums to motivate troops, to help set a marching pace, and to call out orders or announcements. For example, during a war between Qi and Lu in 684 BC, the effect of drum on soldiers' morale is employed to change the result of a major battle. Fife-and-drum corps of Swiss mercenary foot soldiers also used drums. They used an early version of the snare drum carried over the player's right shoulder, suspended by a strap (typically played with one hand using [[traditional grip]]). It is to this instrument that the English word "drum" was first used. Similarly, during the [[English Civil War]] rope-tension drums would be carried by junior officers as a means to relay commands from senior officers over the noise of battle. These were also hung over the shoulder of the drummer and typically played with two drum sticks. Different [[regiment]]s and companies would have distinctive and unique [[drum beat]]s only they recognized. In the mid-19th century, the Scottish military started incorporating [[pipe band]]s into their Highland regiments.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chatto |first=Allan |year=1996 |url=http://www.cadre-online.ca/drumhistory.html |title=Brief History of Drumming |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315214859/http://www.cadre-online.ca/drumhistory.html |archive-date=March 15, 2010 |url-status=dead |website=cadre-online.ca}}</ref>

During pre-Columbian warfare, Aztec nations were known to have used drums to send signals to the battling warriors. The Nahuatl word for drum is roughly translated as ''huehuetl''.<ref>Aguilar-Moreno, Manuel. (2006). [Handbook to Life In the Aztec World]</ref>

The [[Rig Veda]], one of the oldest religious scriptures in the world, contains several references to the use of the ''Dundhubi'' (war drum). Arya tribes charged into battle to the beating of the war drum and chanting of a hymn that appears in Book VI of the Rig Veda and also the Atharva Veda.<ref name="Blades 1992 p. 134">{{cite book | last=Blades | first=J. | title=Percussion Instruments and Their History | publisher=Bold Strummer | year=1992 | isbn=978-0-933224-61-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8V3Z6j2ExEC&pg=PA134 | access-date=20 May 2023 | page=134}}</ref> The dundhuhi was considered sacred and to capture one in battle would signal defeat of the enemy.<ref name="Halid 2022 p. 26">{{cite book | last=Halid | first=R.I.B.R. | title=The Malay Nobat: A History of Power, Acculturation, and Sovereignty | publisher=Lexington Books | series=The Lexington Series in Historical Ethnomusicology: Deep Soundings | year=2022 | isbn=978-1-6669-0089-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ah0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 | access-date=20 May 2023 | page=26}}</ref>