Editing Drainage (section)

==Current practices==
Simple infrastructure such as open drains, pipes, and [[berm]]s are still common. In modern times, more complex structures involving substantial earthworks and new technologies have been common as well.

===Geotextiles===
New storm water drainage systems incorporate [[geotextile]] filters that retain and prevent fine [[Particle size|grains]] of [[soil]] from passing into and clogging the drain. Geotextiles are synthetic textile fabrics specially manufactured for [[civil engineering|civil]] and [[environmental engineering]] applications. Geotextiles are designed to retain fine soil particles while allowing water to pass through. In a typical drainage system, they would be laid along a trench which would then be filled with coarse [[granular material]]: [[gravel]], [[sea shells]], stone or [[rock (geology)|rock]]. The geotextile is then folded over the top of the stone and the trench is then covered by soil. [[Groundwater]] seeps through the geotextile and flows through the stone to an outfell. In high groundwater conditions a perforated plastic ([[Polyvinyl chloride|PVC]] or [[Polyethylene|PE]]) pipe is laid along the base of the drain to increase the volume of water transported in the drain.

Alternatively, a prefabricated plastic drainage system made of [[High-density polyethylene|HDPE]], often incorporating geotextile, [[Coir|coco fiber]] or [[Cloth|rag]] [[filter (water)|filter]]s can be considered. The use of these materials has become increasingly more common due to their ease of use, since they eliminate the need for transporting and laying stone drainage aggregate, which is invariably more expensive than a synthetic drain and concrete liners.

Over the past 30 years, geotextile, PVC filters, and HDPE filters have become the most commonly used soil filter media. They are cheap to produce and easy to lay, with factory controlled properties that ensure long term filtration performance even in fine silty soil conditions.

===21st century alternatives===
[[Seattle|Seattle's]] Public Utilities created a pilot program called Street Edge Alternatives Project. The project focuses on designing a system "to provide drainage that more closely mimics the natural landscape prior to development than traditional piped systems".<ref name="seattle">{{Cite web |title=Street Edge Alternatives (SEA Streets) Project |url=http://www.seattle.gov/UTIL/About_SPU/Drainage_&_Sewer_System/Natural_Drainage_Systems/Street_Edge_Alternatives/index.asp |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205095408/http://www.seattle.gov/util/About_SPU/Drainage_%26_Sewer_System/Natural_Drainage_Systems/Street_Edge_Alternatives/index.asp |archivedate=Dec 5, 2008 |website=Seattle.gov}}</ref>
The streets are characterized by ditches along the side of the roadway, with plantings designed throughout the area.
An emphasis on non-curbed sidewalks allows water to flow more freely into the areas of permeable surface on the side of the streets. Because of the plantings, the run off water from the urban area does not all directly go into the ground, but can also be absorbed into the surrounding environment.
Monitoring conducted by Seattle Public Utilities reports a 99 percent reduction of storm water leaving the drainage project.<ref name=seattle/>

Drainage has undergone a large-scale environmental review in the recent past{{When|date=October 2023|reason="Recent years" is vague, especially since how recent the event was will change.}} in the United Kingdom. [[Sustainable urban drainage systems]] (SUDS) are designed to encourage contractors to install drainage system that more closely mimic the natural flow of water in nature.  Since 2010 local and neighbourhood planning in the UK is required by law to factor SUDS into any development projects that they are responsible for.

[[Slot drain]]age is a channel drainage system designed to eliminate the need for further pipework systems to be installed in parallel to the drainage, reducing the environmental impact of production as well as improving water collection. [[Stainless steel]], [[concrete]] channel, PVC and HDPE are all materials available for slot drainage which have become industry standards on construction projects.

===In the construction industry===
The [[civil engineer]] is responsible for drainage in construction projects. During the construction process, they set out all the necessary levels for [[road]]s, [[street gutter]]s, drainage, [[culvert]]s and sewers involved in [[construction]] operations.
<!-- There are roughly 38,700 technical people, including site/civil engineers, employed in the construction industry. Most work for a [[general contractor]] or a specialist [[subcontractor]]. -- Where? In the whole world?-->

Civil engineers and construction managers work alongside [[architect]]s and supervisors, planners, [[quantity surveyor]]s, and the general workforce, as well as subcontractors. Typically, most jurisdictions have some body of [[drainage law]] to govern to what degree a landowner can alter the drainage from their parcel.

Drainage options for the construction industry include: 
* Point drainage, which intercepts water at [[gullies]] (points). Gullies connect to drainage pipes beneath the ground surface, so deep excavation is required to facilitate this system. Support for deep trenches is required in the shape of planking, strutting or shoring.
* Channel drainage, which intercepts water along the entire run of the channel. Channel drainage is typically manufactured from concrete, steel, polymer or composites. The interception rate of channel drainage is greater than point drainage and the excavation required is usually much less deep.
The surface opening of channel drainage usually comes in the form of [[gratings]] (polymer, plastic, steel or iron) or a single slot (slot drain) that run along the ground surface (typically manufactured from steel or iron).

=== In retaining walls ===
Earth retaining structures such as [[retaining wall]]s also need to have [[groundwater]] drainage considered during their construction. Typical retaining walls are constructed of impermeable material, which can block the path of groundwater. When groundwater flow is obstructed, hydrostatic [[water pressure]] buildups against the wall and may cause significant damage. If the water pressure is not drained appropriately, retaining walls can bow, move, and fracture, causing seams to separate. The water pressure can also erode soil particles, leading to voids behind the wall and [[sinkhole]]s in the above soil. Traditional retaining wall drainage systems can include [[French drains]], drain pipes or [[Weep hole|weep holes]]. To prevent soil erosion, geotextile filter fabrics are installed with the drainage system.

=== In planters ===
Drainage in planters refers to the implementation of effective drainage systems specifically designed for plant containers or pots. Proper drainage is crucial in planters to prevent waterlogging and promote healthy plant growth. Planter Drainage involves the incorporation of drainage holes, drainage layers, or specialized drainage systems to ensure excess water can escape from the planter. This helps to prevent [[root rot]], water accumulation, and other issues that can negatively impact plant health. By providing adequate drainage in planters, it supports optimal plant growth and contributes to the overall success of gardening or landscaping projects.<ref name="drainservice">{{cite web|title=4 Expert Tips for Perfect Planter Drainage
|url=https://drainservice.org/4-expert-tips-for-perfect-planter-drainage/|website=drainservice.org|date=15 April 2023 |access-date=July 1, 2023 |archive-date=June 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630162340/https://drainservice.org/4-expert-tips-for-perfect-planter-drainage/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Drainage options for the planter include: 
* Surface drains are typically used to manage runoff from paved surfaces, such as sidewalks and parking lots. Catch basins, which collect water and debris, are connected to underground pipes that carry the water away from the site.<ref name=drainservice/>
* Subsurface drains, on the other hand, are designed to manage water that seeps into the soil beneath the planting surface. [[French drains]], which are gravel-filled trenches with perforated pipes at the bottom, are the most common type of subsurface drain. [[Trench drain|Trench drains]], which are similar but shallower and wider, are also used in some situations.<ref name=drainservice/>