Editing Door County, Wisconsin (section)

===Settlement and development===
====19th–20th century settlement====
[[File:The Pioneer Cemetery at Peninsula State Park..jpg|thumb|Graves of Increase Claflin and family]]
The 19th and 20th centuries saw the immigration and settlement of pioneers, mariners, fishermen, loggers, and farmers. The first white settler was Increase Claflin.<ref>{{cite book |url = http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/wch/id/33982  |title = History of Door County Wisconsin, The County Beautiful |first = Hjalmar |last = Holand |location = Chicago |publisher = S. J. Clarke |year = 1917 |page = 77 }}</ref> In 1851, Door County was separated from what had been Brown County.<ref name="2030 plan"/> In 1853, Moravians founded Ephraim after [[Nils Otto Tank#Immigration|Nils Otto Tank]] resisted attempts at land ownership reform at the old religious colony near Green Bay.<ref name="AutoX4-5"/> An African-American community and congregation worshiping at West Harbor on Washington Island was described in 1854.<ref>{{Cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202071808/http://www.bleidoorcountytimes.com/blogpage.asp?blogPageId=4 |archive-date=February 2, 2007 |url=http://www.bleidoorcountytimes.com/blogpage.asp?blogPageId=4 |title=On Islands, Lighthouses, & The Keeper of the Light on Pilot Island: Martin Nicolai Knudsen; 'A Gleam Across the Wave' |work=Norbert Blei Door County Times |date=December 20, 2006}}</ref> Also in 1854 the first post office in the county opened, on Washington Island.<ref>{{cite book |title = Going For The Mail: A History Of Door County Post Offices |first = James B. |last = Hale |publisher=Brown County Historical Society |location=Green Bay, Wisconsin |year=1996}}</ref> In the 19th century, a fairly large-scale immigration of [[Belgian Americans#History|Belgian]] [[Walloons#Walloon diaspora|Walloons]] populated a small region in the southern portion of the county,<ref name="Soucek 2011">{{cite book |last1 = Soucek |first1 = G. |title = Door County Tales: Shipwrecks, Cherries and Goats on the Roof |publisher = Arcadia Publishing |series = American Chronicles |year = 2011 |isbn = 978-1-61423-383-1 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dPl-CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT11 |access-date = April 23, 2017 }}</ref> including the area designated as the [[Namur Historic District]]. They built small roadside [[Wayside shrine|votive chapels]], some still in use today,<ref>{{cite news |url = https://doorcountypulse.com/small-sacred-spaces-preserved/ |title = Southern Door County's Belgian Wayside Chapels |last1 = Lott |first1 = Katie |date = May 1, 2009 |work = Door County Living |access-date = January 22, 2019 }} {{cite web |url=https://www.doorcounty.com/experience/worship/belgian-chapels/ |title=Where to Find Belgian Chapels in Door County |website=Door County Visitor Bureau |access-date=January 22, 2019}} {{google maps |url = https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?msa=0&t=p&ll=44.7283540095412%2C-87.50432131385733&spn=0.341371%2C0.583649&z=10&mid=12Ose-DUL7MCyf8vnE4rKSBZspG0 |title=Wisconsin Belgian Roadside Chapels}}</ref> and brought other traditions over from Europe such as the [[Kermesse (festival)|Kermiss]] harvest festival.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holand |first=Hjalmar Rued |title=Wisconsin's Belgian community: an account of the early events in the Belgian settlement in northeastern Wisconsin with particular reference to the Belgians in Door County |chapter-url=http://images.library.wisc.edu/WI/EFacs/USAIN/BelgComm/reference/wi.belgcomm.i0013.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://images.library.wisc.edu/WI/EFacs/USAIN/BelgComm/reference/wi.belgcomm.i0013.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |chapter=Chapter VII: Belgian Characteristics and Customs |pages=82 ff |year=1933}} See also the [http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.BelgComm Table of Contents] for the entire book.</ref>

Shortly after the 1831 [[Treaty of Washington, with Menominee (1831)|Treaty of Washington]],<ref>{{cite map |map-url = https://data.glifwc.org/ceded/reference.maps/Wisconsin1.Map64.png |map = Wisconsin 1 |scale = 1:2,217,600 |publisher = [[Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission]] |url = https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=hornbeck_ind_1 |title = Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology: 1896-97, Part 2 |first1 = J. W. |last1 = Powell |first2 = Charles C. |last2 = Royce |first3 = Cyrus |last3 = Thomas |year = 1899 |page = 728 }}</ref> the federal government surveyed what is now Door County to determine the value of the timber and to divide up parcels for eventual sale.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/SurveyNotes/maps/Door.html |title = Door County Survey Notes |publisher = Wisconsin Board of Commissioners of Public Lands}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://glorecords.blm.gov/results/default.aspx?searchCriteria=type=survey%7Cst=WI%7Ccty=029#resultsTabIndex=0&page=1&sortField=1&sortDir=0 |title = Surveys, Door County, Wisconsin |work = General Land Office Records |publisher = United States Bureau of Land Management }}</ref> Following the treaty, land in what is now the county was sold or granted to private citizens.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=1e8fc801-90a4-4104-8e86-19a1ea0947dc/wsbd0000/20131118/00000633&pg_seq=16&search_doc=&query1_modifier=AND&query1=fifty%20cents%20an%20acre&query1_field=CONTENT |title = Fifty Cents an Acre |work = Door County Advocate |volume = 76 |issue = 3 |date = March 26, 1937 |page = 4 |access-date = August 9, 2021 |archive-date = August 9, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210809204758/http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=1e8fc801-90a4-4104-8e86-19a1ea0947dc/wsbd0000/20131118/00000633&pg_seq=16&search_doc=&query1_modifier=AND&query1=fifty%20cents%20an%20acre&query1_field=CONTENT |url-status = dead }}</ref>

At the time the [[Homestead Acts#Homestead Act of 1862|Homestead Act of 1862]] was passed, most of the county's nearly 2,000 farmers were [[Squatting in the United States|squatters]] earning most of their revenue from lumber and wood products. The remaining portion of the population consisted of about 1,000 fishermen and their families.  Out of the total population of 2,948 people, 170 fought in the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=1e8fc801-90a4-4104-8e86-19a1ea0947dc/wsbd0000/20131118/00000633&pg_seq=13&search_doc=&query1_modifier=AND&query1=county%20had3,000%20people%20in%201862%20sturgeon%20bay%20a&query1_field=CONTENT |title = County Had 3,000 people in 1862; Sturgeon Bay, a Settlement of 30 Homes |first = Hjalmar R. |last = Holand |work = Door County Advocate |volume = 76 |issue = 3 |date = March 26, 1937 |page = 1 |access-date = August 9, 2021 |archive-date = August 9, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210809183808/http://pubinfo.co.door.wi.us:8080/jsp/RcWebImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=1e8fc801-90a4-4104-8e86-19a1ea0947dc/wsbd0000/20131118/00000633&pg_seq=13&search_doc=&query1_modifier=AND&query1=county%20had3,000%20people%20in%201862%20sturgeon%20bay%20a&query1_field=CONTENT |url-status = dead }}</ref>

When the 1871 [[Peshtigo fire]] burned the town of Williamsonville, fifty-nine people were killed. The area of this disaster is now Tornado Memorial County Park, named for a [[fire whirl]] which occurred there.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tornadoes of Fire at Williamsonville, Wisconsin, October 8, 1871 |year=1990 |url=http://images.library.wisc.edu/WI/EFacs/transactions/WT1990/reference/wi.wt1990.jmmoran.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://images.library.wisc.edu/WI/EFacs/transactions/WT1990/reference/wi.wt1990.jmmoran.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |first1=Joseph M. |last1=Moran |first2=E. Lee |last2=Somerville |publisher=Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://doorcountypulse.com/fire-took-williamsonville/ |title=The Fire That Took Williamsonville |last1=Skiba |first1=Justin |date=September 2, 2016 |work=Door County Living |access-date=January 22, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://map.co.door.wi.us/parks/kiosks/Tornado.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200113055040/http://map.co.door.wi.us/parks/kiosks/Tornado.pdf |archive-date = January 13, 2020 |title = Tornado Memorial Park }} kiosk historical notes, also see {{cite web |url = http://archaeolab.anthro.uwm.edu/WIS_57_Project/WIS_57_Public_Interpretation/WIS_57_Documents/Summary_Handout_(Version_3).pdf |page = 19 |title = County C Park and Ride lot panel draft |access-date = June 4, 2019 |archive-date = June 24, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200537/http://archaeolab.anthro.uwm.edu/WIS_57_Project/WIS_57_Public_Interpretation/WIS_57_Documents/Summary_Handout_(Version_3).pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref> Altogether, 128 people in the county perished in the Peshtigo fire.<ref name="2030 plan">{{cite book |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113054549/http://map.co.door.wi.us/planning/Comp-Plan/2035-Update/Chapter%203%20Historical%20and%20Cultural%20Resources.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |url=http://map.co.door.wi.us/planning/Comp-Plan/2035-Update/Chapter%203%20Historical%20and%20Cultural%20Resources.pdf |title=Door County Comprehensive Plan 2030 |chapter=Chapter 3: Historical and Cultural Resources |series=Vol. II, Resource Report |at=Table 3.1: Timeline of Historic Events in Door County. pp. 19–20}}</ref><ref name="AutoX4-5">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxCLAFUu2RoC&pg=PA21 |title=Inventory of the Church Archives of Wisconsin: Moravian Church |author=((Historical Records Survey, Division of Women's and Professional Projects)) |publisher=Works Progress Administration |year=1938 |page=21}} and {{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFo0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA333-IA1 |chapter=Chapter XXXIV: Ephraim  |title = History of Door County, Wisconsin |first=Hjalmar R. |last=Holand |year=1917 |location = Chicago |publisher = S. J. Clarke }}</ref>

In 1885 or 1886, what is now the [[Coast Guard Station Sturgeon Bay|Coast Guard Station]] was established at Sturgeon Bay.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://map.co.door.wi.us/planning/Comp-Plan/Transportation_Profile_DRAFT.pdf |title=Transportation Profile Draft |publisher=Door County Comprehensive Plan 2030 Transportation Advisory Workgroup |page=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113055046/http://map.co.door.wi.us/planning/Comp-Plan/Transportation_Profile_DRAFT.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Station Sturgeon Bay Canal, Wisconsin |url=http://uscg.mil/history/stations/STURGEONBAYCANAL.pdf |work=U.S. Coast Guard History Program |publisher=[[United States Coast Guard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925200639/http://uscg.mil/history/stations/STURGEONBAYCANAL.pdf |access-date=November 23, 2011|archive-date=September 25, 2008 }}</ref> The small, seasonally open [[List of United States Coast Guard stations#Washington Island|station on Washington Island]] was established in 1902.<ref name=WashingtonIsland>{{cite web |title=USCG Station Washington Island |url=http://www.uscg.mil/d9/sectlakemichigan/STAWashingtonIslandUO.pdf |publisher=[[United States Coast Guard]] |access-date=November 23, 2012 |date=January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025025700/http://www.uscg.mil/d9/sectlakemichigan/STAWashingtonIslandUO.pdf |archive-date=October 25, 2012 }}</ref>

[[File:Excursion party on Sailor Boy.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Excursion party on the ''Sailor Boy''; postmarked 1906 in Sturgeon Bay. The ''Sailor Boy'' and other small steamboats stopped at Menominee to take on rail passengers. Since rail service was faster, tourists from Chicago would first take a northbound train in order to board steamboats bound for resort communities.<ref>{{cite book |title = Did You Get the Eagle, Mr. Moss? A Memoir of Ephraim Summers |first = Charles Frederick |last = Wiley |location = Sister Bay, Wisconsin |publisher = Wm Caxton |year = 1990 |pages = 34 and 109 }}</ref>]]

[[File:Cedar_Glen,_one_of_themany_free_tourists%27_camp_sites_in_Peninsula_State_Park,_Door_County,..._(NBY_562).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|This 1924 postcard produced by [[Curt Teich|Curt Teich & Company]] reads, "Cedar Glen, one of the many free tourists' camp sites in Peninsula State Park, Door County Wisconsin."]]

====Early tourism====
Even after the Ahnapee and Western extended service to Sturgeon Bay in 1894, many tourists continued taking the [[Milwaukee Road|railroad]] to [[Menominee, Michigan]]{{efn|See the [[:File:Map of Chicago Milwauke and St Paul Superior Divsion 1899 Door County Advocate.png|1899 rail map]].}} to embark on steamships bound for communities in Door County. This route over Green Bay bypassed poor road conditions in the northern part of the county, which persisted until the early 1920s. Only after crushed stone highways were built did motor and [[Horse-drawn vehicle|horse-drawn]] coaches become popular for transportation between Sturgeon Bay and the northern part of the peninsula.<ref>{{harvp|Wiley|1990|pp = 110–115 }}.</ref><ref name="2030 plan"/> By 1909 at least 1,000 tourists visited per year,<ref>{{cite book |url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t7br8sm8w&view=1up&seq=47 |title = State parks for Wisconsin. Report of John Nolen, Landscape Architect, With Letter of Transmittal by State Park Board |first = John |last = Nolen |year = 1909 |page = 31 }}</ref> a figure which grew to about 125,000 in 1920,<ref>{{cite magazine |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zEB653Mpa54C&q=125%2C000 |title = Wisconsin's Wonderland |first = Roy J. |last = Schuknecht |magazine = See America First Magazine |volume = 7 |issue = 4 |date = May–June 1921 |page = 103 }}</ref> 1 million in 1969,<ref>{{cite magazine |title = Wisconsin's Door Peninsula 'A Kingdom So Delicious' |first = William S. |last = Ellis |magazine = National Geographic |date = March 1969 |page = 350 }}</ref> 1.25 million in 1978,<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SGw5AQAAMAAJ |title = Environmental Impact Statement for Proposed Acquisition, Development and Management of Grand Traverse Islands State Park, Door County Wisconsin |author = Bureau of Environmental Impact |publisher = Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources |date = June 1978 |page = 35 |chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SGw5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA35 |chapter = Recreational Demand }}</ref> and 1.9 million in 1995.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ2adpfyT34C&q=%22per+year+visit+the+Door%22&pg=PR10-IA3 |title = Final Environmental Impact Statement, Project I.D. 1480-04/08-00, STH 57, STH 54 - STH 42 Brown, Kewaunee and Door Counties |chapter = Appendix E, Bay Shore County Park 4(f)/6(4) Evaluation, Purpose and Need for Proposed Action, Part C. Need for the Action |date = December 3, 1998 |page = 10 }}</ref>

====20th–21st-century events====
In 1913, ''[[The Old Rugged Cross]]'' was first sung at the Friends Church in Sturgeon Bay as a duet by two traveling preachers.<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FjBdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA113 |title = Hidden History of Sturgeon Bay |first1 = Heidi |last1 = Hodges |first2 = Kathy |last2 = Steebs |name-list-style = amp |location = Charleston, South Carolina |publisher = The History Press |year = 2018 |page = 113 |isbn = 9781467119702 }}</ref>

In 2004, the county began a [[Sister city|sister cities]] relationship with [[Jingdezhen]] in southeastern China.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://doorcountypulse.com/door-county-and-jingdezhen-china/ |title = Door County and Jingdezhen, China: Sister Cities |work = Door County Living |date = July 1, 2004 |access-date = December 12, 2019 }}</ref>