Editing Dog breed (section)

===Dog types===
[[File:Five different types of dogs, woodcut, 1547 Wellcome L0029217.jpg|thumb|"Five different types of dogs", c. 1547.]]

{{further|Dog type}}

[[Dog types]] are broad categories of dogs based on form, function or style of work, lineage, or appearance. In contrast, modern dog breeds are particular breed standards, sharing a common set of heritable characteristics, determined by the kennel club that recognizes the breed. 

The spread of modern dog breeds has been difficult to resolve because many are the product of the controlled breeding practices of the Victorian era (1830–1900).<ref name="Atlas of Dog Breeds of the World"/><ref name="American Kennel Club 2006"/> In 2010, a study looked at 48,000&nbsp;[[SNP genotyping|single nucleotide polymorphism]]s that gave a [[genome]]-wide coverage of 912&nbsp;dogs representing 85&nbsp;breeds.<ref name="vonHoldt_etal_2010">{{cite journal |first1=Bridgett |last1=vonHoldt |date=2010-03-17 |title=Genome-wide SNP and haplotype analyses reveal a rich history underlying dog domestication |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/nature08837 |pmid=20237475 |volume=464 |issue=7290 |pages=898–902 |bibcode=2010Natur.464..898V |pmc=3494089 |last2=Lohmueller |first2=Kirk E. |last3=Han |first3=Eunjung |last4=Parker |first4=Heidi G. |last5=Quignon |first5=Pascale |last6=Degenhardt |first6=Jeremiah D. |last7=Boyko |first7=Adam R. |last8=Earl |first8=Dent A. |last9=Auton |first9=Adam |last10=Reynolds |first10=Andy |last11=Bryc |first11=Kasia |last12=Brisbin |first12=Abra |last13=Knowles |first13=James C. |last14=Mosher |first14=Dana S. |last15=Spady |first15=Tyrone C. |last16=Elkahloun |first16=Abdel |last17=Geffen |first17=Eli |last18=Pilot |first18=Malgorzata |last19=Jedrzejewski |first19=Wlodzimierz |last20=Greco |first20=Claudia |last21=Randi |first21=Ettore |last22=Bannasch |first22=Danika |last23=Wilton |first23=Alan |last24=Shearman |first24=Jeremy |last25=Musiani |first25=Marco |last26=Cargill |first26=Michelle |last27=Jones |first27=Paul G. |last28=Qian |first28=Zuwei |last29=Huang |first29=Wei |display-authors=etal}}</ref>

The study found distinct genetic clusters within modern dogs that largely corresponded to [[phenotype]] or function. These included spitz-breeds, toy dogs, spaniels, Mastiff-like breeds, small terriers, retrievers, herding dogs, scent-hounds, and sight-hounds. There were 17&nbsp;breeds that conflicted with phenotype or function and these were thought to be the result of crossing some of the other phenotypes. As in a 2004 study that found 9&nbsp;'ancient breeds' to be genetically divergent, the study found 13&nbsp;breeds that were genetically divergent from the modern breeds: the [[Basenji]], [[Saluki]], [[Afghan hound]], [[Samoyed (dog)|Samoyed]], [[Canaan dog]], [[New Guinea singing dog]], [[dingo]], [[Chow Chow]], [[Chinese Shar Pei]], [[Akita (dog)|Akita]], [[Alaskan malamute]], [[Siberian husky]] and [[American Eskimo dog]].<ref name="vonHoldt_etal_2010" />

The study found that there were three well-supported groups that were highly divergent and distinct from modern domestic dogs. 
*an ''Asian group'' ([[Dingo]], [[New Guinea singing dog]], [[chow chow]], [[Akita (dog)|Akita]] and [[Shar Pei]])
*a ''Middle Eastern'' group ([[Afghan hound]] and [[Saluki]])
*a ''northern group'' ([[Alaskan Malamute]] and [[Siberian Husky]]).<ref name="vonHoldt_etal_2010" />
The earliest books in the English language to mention numbers of dog types are from the "Cynegetica" (hunting literature), namely, ''The Art of Venery'' (1327) by Twiti (Twici), a treatise that describes hunting with the [[limer]] (a leashed [[bloodhound]] type); the pack of ''running hounds'', which included ''barcelets'' and ''brachetz'' (both [[Scent hound|scent hounds]]); and the [[sighthound]] and [[greyhound]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Twiti |first=William |title=The Art of Hunting 1. Stockholm Studies in English XXXVII. |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell Int. |year=1977 |editor=Danielsson, B. |location=Stockholm |translator=Danielsson, B. |editor2=Cynegetica Anglica |translator2=Cynegetica Anglica}}</ref> More significant in recording the use and description of various dog types is ''[[The Master of Game]]'' (circa 1406) by [[Edward, 2nd Duke of York|Edward of York]],<ref>''The Master of Game'', by Edward, second Duke of York: ed. Baillie-Grohman, William.1st Ed. London: 1904 Ballantine, Hanson & Co Folio, 302pp. 52 pl</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Edward |first1=of Norwich |url=https://archive.org/details/masterofgameo00edwa |title=The master of game : the oldest English book on hunting |last2=Baillie-Grohman |first2=William A. (William Adolph) |last3=Baillie-Grohman |first3=F. (Florence) |last4=Roosevelt |first4=Theodore |last5=Gaston III Phebus |first5=Count of Foix |date=1 January 1909 |publisher=London : Chatto & Windus}}</ref> a treatise that describes dogs and their work, such as the [[alaunt]], greyhound, pack scent hounds, [[spaniel]], and [[mastiff]], used by the privileged and wealthy for hunting purposes. ''The Master of Game'' is a combination of the earlier ''Art of Venery'' and the French hunting treatise ''[[Livre de chasse|Livre de Chasse]]'' by [[Gaston Phoebus]] (circa 1387).<ref>{{Cite web |title=BNF – Le livre de chasse de Gaston Phebus |url=http://classes.bnf.fr/phebus/ |access-date=17 November 2016 |website=classes.bnf.fr}}</ref> ''[[Book of Saint Albans|The Book of Saint Albans]]'', published in 1486,<ref>{{cite book |last=Berners |first=Juliana |title=English hawking and hunting in the Boke of St. Albans : a facsimile edition of sigs. a2-f8 of the Boke of St. Albans (1486) / by Rachel Hands |date=1975 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-811715-9 |author-link=Juliana Berners |orig-year=Facsimile of 1486 original}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Berners |first1=Juliana |url=https://archive.org/details/bokeofsaintalban00bern |title=The boke of Saint Albans |last2=Blades |first2=William |date=1 January 1901 |publisher=London : Elliot Stock}}</ref> a "school" book about [[Hawking (falconry)|hawking]], hunting, fishing, and [[heraldry]], attributed to [[Juliana Berners]] (Barnes), lists dogs of the time mainly by function: "First there is a greyhound, a bastard, a [[mongrel]], a mastiff, a limer, a spaniel, "[[Rache|raches]]" (small-to-medium-sized scenthounds), "kennets" (small hunting dogs), [[Terrier|terriers]], "butcher's hounds", dung-heap dogs, "trundel tails" ([[Lap dog|lapdogs]]?) and prick-eared [[Cur|curs]], and small ladies puppies that bear away the [[Flea|fleas]] and diverse small sorts."