Editing Disinformation (section)

==Practice==
Disinformation is the label often given to foreign information manipulation and interference (FIMI).<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Newman |first=Hadley |date=2022 |title=Foreign information manipulation and interference defence standards: Test for rapid adoption of the common language and framework 'DISARM' |url=https://stratcomcoe.org/publications/foreign-information-manipulation-and-interference-defence-standards-test-for-rapid-adoption-of-the-common-language-and-framework-disarm-prepared-in-cooperation-with-hybrid-coe/253 |series=NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence |pages=60 |format=PDF |publication-place=Latvia |via=European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats |isbn=978-952-7472-46-0 |access-date=28 December 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228165610/https://stratcomcoe.org/publications/foreign-information-manipulation-and-interference-defence-standards-test-for-rapid-adoption-of-the-common-language-and-framework-disarm-prepared-in-cooperation-with-hybrid-coe/253 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=European Extrernal Action Service (EEAS) |date=27 October 2021 |title=Tackling Disinformation, Foreign Information Manipulation & Interference |url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/tacklingdisinformation-foreign-information-manipulation-interference_en.}}</ref> Studies on disinformation are often concerned with the content of activity whereas the broader concept of FIMI is more concerned with the "behaviour of an actor" that is described through the [[military doctrine]] concept of [[Terrorist Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures|tactics, techniques, and procedures]] (TTPs).<ref name=":4" />

Disinformation is primarily carried out by government [[intelligence agencies]], but has also been used by non-governmental organizations and businesses.<ref name="jangoldman">{{citation|title=Words of Intelligence: A Dictionary|first=Jan|last=Goldman|chapter=Disinformation|isbn=978-0-8108-5641-7|year=2006|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=43}}</ref> [[Front group]]s are a form of disinformation, as they mislead the public about their true objectives and who their controllers are.<ref name="eugeneasamier">{{citation|title=Secrecy and Tradecraft in Educational Administration: The Covert Side of Educational Life|page=176|first=Eugene A.|last=Samier|series=Routledge Research in Education|year=2014|isbn= 978-0-415-81681-6|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Most recently, disinformation has been deliberately spread through social media in the form of "[[fake news]]", disinformation masked as legitimate news articles and meant to mislead readers or viewers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tandoc|first1=Edson C|last2=Lim|first2=Darren|last3=Ling|first3=Rich|date=2019-08-07|title=Diffusion of disinformation: How social media users respond to fake news and why|journal=Journalism|volume=21|issue=3|language=en|pages=381–398|doi=10.1177/1464884919868325|s2cid=202281476|issn=1464-8849}}</ref> Disinformation may include distribution of [[Forgery|forged]] [[document]]s, manuscripts, and photographs, or spreading dangerous [[rumour]]s and [[Fabrication (science)|fabricated]] [[intelligence]]. Use of these tactics can lead to [[Blowback (intelligence)|blowback]], however, causing such unintended consequences such as [[defamation]] lawsuits or damage to the dis-informer's reputation.<ref name="eugeneasamier" />