Editing Dili (section)

===Growth under UN rule and independence===
[[File:Timor oriental dili.svg|thumb|alt=Map showing the built-up area of the city|Dili in 1999]]
Dili continued to grow under UN rule. As Indonesian infrastructure investment outside of Dili was not replicated by the UN government, leaving it to deteriorate, population growth was driven in part due to internal migration from these areas to the city.<ref name="Moxham"/>{{rp|12}} Housing left abandoned by Indonesians in 1999 was occupied by squatters. This was most common in the western areas of the city.<ref name="McWilliam2015"/>{{rp|227}} Most inward migration during this period was from eastern areas of the country.<ref name="Moxham"/>{{rp|18}} Population growth combined with a poor economy led to an increase of urban poverty and unemployment, especially amongst youth.<ref name="Moxham"/>{{rp|12}} This was despite the city reaping 80% of the economic benefits of reconstruction efforts; 65% of direct jobs created by the UN were in Dili, a figure that rose to 80% when including indirect jobs.<ref name="Moxham"/>{{rp|13}}

Following the beginning of UN rule, the population of Dili grew by over 10% annually. This was a result of both rural-urban migration, and a baby boom driven by the country having the highest fertility rate in the world. By 2004, the population had reached 173,541 people,<ref name="Moxham"/>{{rp|13}} with unemployment at 26.9% overall, and 43.4% for men aged 15–29. Around half of employment for these young men was informal.<ref name="Moxham"/>{{rp|14}} In 2005 a new urban master plan was developed by a group based in the Faculty of Architecture of the [[Technical University of Lisbon]].<ref name="Scambary2021"/>{{rp|280–281}} Issues with food security reoccurred periodically throughout the early years of independence.<ref name="Moxham"/>{{rp|15}} From 1990 to 2014, agricultural use of the flat land around Dili is thought to have decreased by around 40%, replaced by [[horticulture]] and [[aquaculture]] in the east and by urban areas in the west. Wetlands have also further decreased, drained and built upon.<ref name="Pinto2016"/>{{rp|274}}

By 2006, Dili produced half of the country's non-oil GDP.<ref name="Moxham"/>{{rp|14}} It was also receiving two-thirds of government expenditure, and 80% of goods and services.<ref name="Moxham"/>{{rp|16}} However, economic benefits were distributed unequally. 1999 saw the end of Indonesian subsidises of core food products, which alongside infrastructure destruction led to rapid inflation. Under UN rule, the use of the US dollar and the purchasing power of international organisations led to price increases. Together, these factors led to extremely high costs of living. Electricity cost four times as much as it did in Indonesia, averaging $15 per household. Telecommunications and petrol similarly grew in price compared to Indonesia. By 2006 Dili had the eighth-highest living costs of any city in Asia, despite the country's having Asia's lowest GDP.<ref name="Moxham"/>{{rp|14}} At this point, the city had around 300 youth groups, some of which were involved in the [[informal economy]].<ref name="Moxham"/>{{rp|15}} These groups, driven by unemployment, were often connected to former guerrillas and current politicians.<ref name="Moxham"/>{{rp|16}} Many developed identities reflecting the regional origins of their members, especially with regards to the broad distinction between those from the east and those from the west.<ref name="Moxham"/>{{rp|18}}

In April 2006, disputes within the military between a leadership mostly from the east of the country and soldiers mostly from the west spilled over into [[2006 East Timor crisis|street violence]] in Dili.<ref name="Moxham"/>{{rp|1, 13}} Disputes over housing, again mostly between groups from the east and west, contributed to property destruction.<ref name="Cryan2015">{{cite book |last=Cryan |first=Meabh |editor1-last=Ingram |editor1-first=Sue |editor2-last=Kent |editor2-first=Lia |editor3-last=McWilliam |editor3-first=Andrew |title=A New Era?: Timor-Leste after the UN |date=17 September 2015 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781925022513 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulSyDQAAQBAJ |chapter='Empty Land'? The Politics of Land in Timor-Leste |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulSyDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA141 |access-date=15 July 2021 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327140720/https://books.google.com/books?id=ulSyDQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|143}} Most of the 150,000 people displaced were from Dili,<ref name="Maria2015">{{cite book |last=Maria |first=Catharina |editor1-last=Ingram |editor1-first=Sue |editor2-last=Kent |editor2-first=Lia |editor3-last=McWilliam |editor3-first=Andrew |title=A New Era?: Timor-Leste after the UN |date=17 September 2015 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781925022513 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulSyDQAAQBAJ |chapter=Building Social Cohesion from Below: Learning from the ''Laletek'' (Bridge) Project 2010-12 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulSyDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA187 |access-date=15 July 2021 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327140720/https://books.google.com/books?id=ulSyDQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|188}} including about half of the city's residents.<ref name="Maria2015"/>{{rp|196}} Around 72,000 people ended up in camps, while 80,000 fled to rural areas.<ref name="Moxham"/>{{rp|13}} Rice prices in the city increased by half by October 2006, and then almost doubled again by February 2007.<ref name="Moxham"/>{{rp|15}} Foreign military intervention was needed to restore order.<ref name="Moxham"/>{{rp|1}}

A National Recovery Strategy was put in place following the [[2007 East Timorese parliamentary election|2007 national election]] to return these people.<ref name="Maria2015"/>{{rp|188}} In 2008, around 30,000 people displaced from Dili remained in camps, while 70,000 continued to live with friends or family.<ref name="ICG2010"/>{{rp|3}} Continuing unrest led to the [[2008 East Timorese assassination attempts|attempted assassinations]] of the country's president and prime minister.<ref name="DeGiosa2019"/>{{rp|86}} By 2009 most displaced people had returned to the city, and the camps were officially closed by the end of the year. However, some community tensions remained.<ref name="Maria2015"/>{{rp|187}}<ref name="ICG2010"/>{{rp|9}} In a couple of areas, there were two or three fights a week between opposing youth groups.<ref name="Maria2015"/>{{rp|191}} Nonetheless, large-scale violence did not return. Mediation teams were utilised to assist in the resettlement of some displaced people to their previous homes.<ref name="ICG2010"/>{{rp|10}}

In May 2009, the year-long ''Dili City of Peace'' campaign was launched by [[Jose Ramos-Horta]]. The initiative was created to build unity and prevent violence, with the [[2006 East Timorese crisis]] in mind. The campaign included dialogues between different sectors of Timorese society, a cycling tour, a Dili marathon, and a reforestation initiative.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/timor-leste/national-dialogue-identifying-challenges-peace-timor-leste |title=National dialogue on identifying challenges to peace in Timor-Leste |author=Government of Timor-Leste |publisher=reliefweb |date=29 May 2009 |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611144639/https://reliefweb.int/report/timor-leste/national-dialogue-identifying-challenges-peace-timor-leste |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iom.int/news/iom-backs-timor-leste-reforestation-initiative |title=IOM Backs Timor-Leste Reforestation Initiative |publisher=IOM |date=22 February 2010 |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611144650/https://www.iom.int/news/iom-backs-timor-leste-reforestation-initiative |url-status=live }}</ref> Focusing the peace campaign on Dili reflects the influence it has on the entire country, with the government expecting its impacts would extend beyond the city itself.<ref name="SDP2011"/>{{rp|161}} The ''Latelek'' (Bridge) Project was instituted from 2010 to 2012 by some organs of the Catholic Church to improve community cohesion, reintegrating previously displaced individuals with those who had remained.<ref name="Maria2015"/>{{rp|188–189}} Other programs were initiated by the government and NGOs to tackle issues such as skills development, youth engagement, and women's empowerment. Some sucos developed community laws to reduce violence.<ref name="Maria2015"/>{{rp|192}}

The development of the city since independence has led to many sites being replaced or repurposed. In 2009 the area around the Indonesian-built Integration Monument was redesignated as the 5 May Park, the date upon which it was agreed East Timor could hold its independence referendum. A 1960s hotel, Hotel Turismo, which had been a site of independence activities, was demolished in 2010 and rebuilt. The former Dili regency police headquarters has been demolished and replaced by the cultural centre of the Indonesian embassy.<ref name="Hearman2019"/> By 2010 the municipal population reached 234,026 people,<ref name="SDP2011">{{cite web |title=Timor-Leste Strategic Development Plan 2011–2030 |url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Strategic-Development-Plan_EN.pdf |publisher=Government of Timor-Leste |date=2011 |access-date=25 June 2021 |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625161614/http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Strategic-Development-Plan_EN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|95}} of which 210,250 lived in urban areas.<ref name="ADB2013sucos">{{cite book |title=Least Developed ''Sucos'': Timor-Leste |date=2013 |publisher=Asian Development Bank |isbn=978-92-9254-223-8 |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/30343/least-developed-sucos-timor-leste.pdf |access-date=15 July 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202927/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/30343/least-developed-sucos-timor-leste.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|15}} In 2018 the population reached 281,000 people.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/timor-leste/ |title=Timor-Leste |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=30 June 2021 |archive-date=10 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110035005/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/timor-leste |url-status=live }}</ref> During a period of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Timor-Leste|COVID-19 restrictions]], the city was hit by the worst flood in 50 years in April 2021.<ref name="Rubrico2022">{{cite news |url=https://www.undrr.org/news/timor-leste-floods-teach-costly-lessons |title=Timor-Leste floods teach costly lessons |author=Jennee Grace U. Rubrico |publisher=United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction |date=29 January 2022 |access-date=12 April 2022 |archive-date=30 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130141239/https://www.undrr.org/news/timor-leste-floods-teach-costly-lessons |url-status=live }}</ref>