Editing Dhole (section)

===Subspecies===
Historically, up to ten subspecies of dholes have been recognised.<ref name="ellerman1966">{{cite book |author1=Ellerman, J.R. |author2= Morrison-Scott, T.C.S. |year=1966 |title=Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals |url= https://archive.org/stream/checklistofindia00elle#page/232/mode/2up |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |location=London, UK}}</ref> {{As of|2005}}, seven subspecies are recognised.<ref name= Wozencraft2004/><ref name= Orrell2019/>

However, studies on the dhole's [[mtDNA]] and [[microsatellite]] genotype showed no clear subspecific distinctions. Nevertheless, two major phylogeographic groupings were discovered in dholes of the Asian mainland, which likely diverged during a [[Glacial period|glaciation event]]. One population extends from South, Central and North India (south of the Ganges) into Myanmar, and the other extends from India north of the Ganges into northeastern India, Myanmar, Thailand and the Malaysian Peninsula. The origin of dholes in Sumatra and Java is, {{as of|2005|lc=y}}, unclear, as they show greater relatedness to dholes in India, Myanmar and China rather than with those in nearby Malaysia. However, the [[Canid Specialist Group]] of the [[International Union for the Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) states that further research is needed because all of the samples were from the southern part of this species' range and the [[Tien Shan]] subspecies has distinct morphology.<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.canids.org/species/view/PREKQW171301| title= Dhole &#124; Canids| website= canids.org| publisher= | access-date= | archive-date= 23 September 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210923000058/https://canids.org/species/view/PREKQW171301| url-status= live}}</ref>

In the absence of further data, the researchers involved in the study speculated that Javan and Sumatran dholes could have been introduced to the islands by humans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iyengar |first1=A. |last2= Babu |first2=V. N. |last3=Hedges |first3=S. |last4=Venkataraman |first4=A.B. |last5=Maclean |first5=N. |last6=Morin |first6=P. A. | display-authors= 3 |title= Phylogeography, genetic structure, and diversity in the dhole (''Cuon alpinus'') |journal= Molecular Ecology |date=2005 |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=2281–2297 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02582.x |pmid=15969714 |bibcode=2005MolEc..14.2281I |s2cid=8280811 |url= http://eprints.iisc.ac.in/3543/1/Phylogeography_genetic.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307041249/http://eprints.iisc.ac.in/3543/1/Phylogeography_genetic.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-07 |url-status=live}}</ref> Fossils of dhole from the early [[Middle Pleistocene]] have been found in [[Java]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Volmer |first1=R. |last2=van der Geer |first2=A.A.E. |last3=Cabrera |first3= P.A. |last4=Wibowo |first4=U. P. |last5=Kurniawan |first5=I.| display-authors= 3 |title=When did Cuon reach Java? – Reinvestigation of canid fossils from Homo erectus faunas |journal= Geobios |date=September 2019 |volume=55 |pages=89–102 |doi= 10.1016/j.geobios.2019.06.004 |bibcode=2019Geobi..55...89V |doi-access=free}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" width=90% font=90%
|- bgcolor="#115a6c"
!Subspecies
!Image
!Trinomial authority
!Description
!Distribution
!Synonyms
|----
|''C. a. adjustus'' '''Burmese dhole''',<ref name=Pocock1941/> Indian dhole
|[[File:2010-kabini-dhole.jpg|150 px]]
||Pocock, 1941<ref name=Pocock1941/>
|Reddish coat, short hair on the paws and black whiskers<ref name=Durbin2004>{{cite book |last1=Durbin |first1=D.L. |last2=Venkataraman |first2=A. |last3=Hedges |first3=S.|last4=Duckworth|first4=W. |name-list-style=amp |title=Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs:Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan|publisher=IUCN The World Conservation Union|editor1-last=Sillero-Zubiri|editor1-first=C. |editor2-last=Hoffmann|editor2-first=M. |editor3-last=Macdonald|editor3-first=D.W. |year=2004 |chapter=8.1–Dhole |pages=211 |isbn=978-2831707860|chapter-url=http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013041056/http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf |archive-date=2006-10-13 |url-status=live|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref>
|Northeastern India and south of the [[Ganges]] River, northern Myanmar<ref name=Durbin2004/>
|<small>''antiquus'' (Matthew & Granger, 1923), ''dukhunensis'' (Sykes, 1831)</small>
|----
|''[[Ussuri dhole|C. a. alpinus]]'' '''Ussuri dhole'''<ref name="heptner1998"/>
([[nominate subspecies]])
|[[File:Leopold v. Schrenck - Cuon alpinus.png|150 px]]
|[[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1811<ref name=Pallas1811/>
|Thick tawny red coat, greyish neck and ochre muzzle<ref name=Durbin2004/>
|East of the eastern [[Sayan Mountains]], eastern Russia, northeastern Asia<ref name=Durbin2004/>
| {{center|–}}
|----
|''C. a. fumosus''<ref name=Pocock1936/>
|
|Pocock, 1936<ref name=Pocock1936/>
|Luxuriant yellowish-red coat, dark back and grey neck<ref name=Durbin2004/>
|Western [[Sichuan]], China and Mongolia. Southern Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia and [[Java]], Indonesia<ref name=Durbin2004/>
|<small>''infuscus'' (Pocock, 1936), ''javanicus'' (Desmarest, 1820)</small>
|----
|†''[[Tien Shan dhole|C. a. hesperius]]'' '''Tien Shan dhole'''<ref name="heptner1998"/>
|[[File:Keulmans Cuon alpinus alpinus.png|150 px]]
|Afanasjev and Zolotarev, 1935<ref name=Afanasjev1935/>
|Long yellow tinted coat, white underside and pale whiskers<ref name=Durbin2004/> Smaller than ''C. a. alpinus'', with wider skull and lighter-coloured winter fur.<ref name="heptner1998"/>
|Altai, Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges.<ref name=iucn/> Currently considered to be extinct since 1946.<ref name=Makenov-2018/><ref name=iucn/>
|<small>''jason'' (Pocock, 1936)</small>
|----
|''C. a. laniger''<ref name=Pocock1936/>
|
|Pocock, 1936<ref name=Pocock1936/>
|Full, yellowish-grey coat, tail not black but same colour as body<ref name="Durbin2004"/>
|Southern Tibet, Himalayan Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan and Kashmir<ref name=Durbin2004/>
|<small>''grayiformis'' (Hodgson, 1863), ''primaevus'' (Hodgson, 1833)</small>
|----
|''C. a. lepturus''<ref name=Pocock1936/>
|[[File:Zoo Osnabrück, Dhole (4413112187).jpg|150 px]]
|Heude, 1892<ref name=Heude1892/>
|Uniform red coat with thick underfur<ref name=Durbin2004/>
|South of the [[Yangtze]] River, China<ref name=Durbin2004/>
|<small>''clamitans'' (Heude, 1892), ''rutilans'' (Müller, 1839), ''sumatrensis'' (Hodgson, 1833)</small>
|----
|Sumatran dhole and Javan dhole ''C. a. sumatrensis''<ref name=Castello2018/>
|[[File:Keulemans Cuon alpinus javanicus.png|150 px]]
|[[Thomas Hardwicke|Hardwicke]], 1821<ref name=Hardwicke1821/>
|Red coat and dark whiskers<ref name=Durbin2004/>
|[[Sumatra]], Indonesia<ref name=Durbin2004/> Its range is highly fragmented with multiple protected areas in Sumatra and Java.<ref name=iucn/>
|
|----
|}