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===Growth rate=== The annual population growth rate in 1960 was 2.7 percent, rising to a high of 3.6 percent in 1970, and falling to 1.9 percent in 1975.<ref name=":2" /> This fall reflected a dramatic decline in the fertility rate: the average number of children born to women decreased from 6.5 in 1966 to 2.5 in 1988.<ref name=":2" /> Assuming the data is reliable, reasons for falling growth rates and fertility rates probably include late marriage, [[urbanization]], limited housing space, and the expectation that women would participate equally in work hours in the labor force.<ref name=":2" /> The experience of other socialist countries suggests that widespread labor force participation by women often goes hand-in-hand with more traditional role expectations; in other words, they are still responsible for housework and childrearing.<ref name=":2" /> The high percentage of males age 17 to 26 may have contributed to the low [[fertility]] rate.<ref name=":2" /> According to Eberstadt and Banister's data, the annual [[population growth]] rate in 1991 was 1.9 percent.<ref name=":2" /> However, the CIA ''World Factbook'' estimated that North Korea's annual population growth rate was 1.0% in 1991 and that it has since declined to 0.4% by 2009.<ref name="CIA 2016"/>
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