Editing Demographics of Italy (section)

== Population ==
[[File:Historic population of Italy.svg|thumb|left|450px|Historic population of Italy]]{{anchor|History}}
{{Historical populations
| percentages = pagr
|1861 | 21,777,334
|1871 | 26,801,154
|1881 | 28,459,628
|1901 | 32,475,253
|1911 | 34,671,377
|1921 | 37,973,977
|1931 | 41,176,671
|1936 | 42,993,602
|1951 | 47,515,537
|1961 | 50,623,569
|1971 | 54,136,547
|1981 | 56,556,911
|1991 | 56,778,031
|2001 | 56,995,744
|2011 | 59,433,744
|2021 |59030133|2025|58934177|source=[[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]<ref>{{cite web |title=L'Italia in 150 anni. Sommario di statistiche storiche 1861–2010 |url=https://www.istat.it/it/files//2019/03/cap_2.pdf |publisher=[[Istat]] |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dashboard Permanent census of population and housing|url=https://esploradati.censimentopopolazione.istat.it/databrowser/#/en/censtest/dashboards|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Monthly Demographic Balance|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?l=en&a=&i=D7B|publisher=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]]}}</ref>}}
{{Further|Italians}}

=== Life expectancy ===
{{See also|List of Italian provinces by life expectancy}}
[[File:Life expectancy map of Italy 2022 -regions, names.png|thumb|300px|Italian regions by life expectancy in 2022<ref name="ISTAT">{{cite web |url=https://demo.istat.it/tavole/?t=indicatori |title=Indicatori demografici |lang=it |work=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics]] |access-date=14 February 2024 |trans-title=Demographic indicators}}</ref>]]
[[File:Life expectancy map of Italy 2022 -provinces, names.png|thumb|300px|Italian provinces by life expectancy in 2022<ref name="ISTAT" />]]
[[File:Life expectancy by WBG -Italy -diff.png|thumb|300px|Life expectancy in Italy since 1960 with sex gap]]
[[File:Life expectancy in Italy.svg|thumb|300px|Life expectancy in Italy since 1872]]
Sources: [[Our World In Data]] and the United Nations.
'''1871–1950'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+Life expectancy in Italy
!Years
!1871
!1872
!1873
!1874
!1875
!1876
!1877
!1878
!1879
!1880<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?year=1810|title=Life expectancy|website=Our World in Data|access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|Life expectancy
|29.8
|29.7
|31.6
|31.8
|31.3
|33.6
|34.9
|34.3
|34.0
|32.8
|-
!Years
!1881
!1882
!1883
!1884
!1885
!1886
!1887
!1888
!1889
!1890<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Life expectancy
|34.2
|34.3
|35.2
|36.6
|36.9
|35.1
|36.0
|37.0
|39.1
|38.5
|-
!Years
!1891
!1892
!1893
!1894
!1895
!1896
!1897
!1898
!1899
!1900<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Life expectancy
|38.5
|38.9
|39.8
|40.0
|39.6
|40.7
|43.3
|42.3
|43.7
|41.7
|-
!Years
!1901
!1902
!1903
!1904
!1905
!1906
!1907
!1908
!1909
!1910<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Life expectancy
|43.5
|43.0
|43.1
|44.4
|43.9
|45.1
|45.4
|43.1
|44.6
|46.7
|-
!Years
!1911
!1912
!1913
!1914
!1915
!1916
!1917
!1918
!1919
!1920<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Life expectancy
|44.7
|48.9
|48.4
|49.9
|42.5
|39.6
|38.1
|25.8
|42.3
|45.5
|-
!Years
!1921
!1922
!1923
!1924
!1925
!1926
!1927
!1928
!1929
!1930<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Life expectancy
|49.2
|50.0
|51.4
|51.5
|51.3
|50.9
|52.5
|52.6
|52.3
|55.2
|-
!Years
!1931
!1932
!1933
!1934
!1935
!1936
!1937
!1938
!1939
!1940<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Life expectancy
|54.8
|54.7
|56.3
|56.8
|56.2
|56.7
|55.5
|56.1
|57.6
|57.0
|-
!Years
!1941
!1942
!1943
!1944
!1945
!1946
!1947
!1948
!1949
!1950<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Life expectancy
|54.7
|52.5
|49.4
|52.4
|54.9
|59.0
|61.2
|63.4
|64.1
|65.8
|}

'''1950–2020'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Period
!Life expectancy in<br />Years
!Period
!Life expectancy in<br />Years
|-
|1950–1955
|66.5
|1985–1990
|76.4
|-
|1955–1960
|68.4
|1990–1995
|77.5
|-
|1960–1965
|69.7
|1995–2000
|78.8
|-
|1965–1970
|70.9
|2000–2005
|80.3
|-
|1970–1975
|72.2
|2005–2010
|81.5
|-
|1975–1980
|73.6
|2010–2015
|82.4
|-
|1980–1985
|74.9
|2015–2020
|83.3
|}
Source: ''UN World Population Prospects''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919061238/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|archive-date=19 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Fertility===
By 2021, the number of [[births]] had fallen to 400,249, a decrease of 25% compared to 2011. If the trend is not reversed, it may adversely affect [[GDP growth]] and [[social security]] benefits.<ref name="torinonews24.it">{{cite web|url=https://torinonews24.it/news/italia-crollo-natalita-in-dieci-anni-i-nuovi-nati-scendono-del-25-ecco-i-motivi/|title=Italia, crollo natalità – In dieci anni i nuovi nati scendono del 25%. Ecco i motivi|date=21 February 2023|website=torinonews24.it}}</ref> The reasons that [[Italians]] give for not having children are economic costs, fear of losing their job and lack of [[Public service|services]] for [[families]], but it is claimed that these problems have ceased to be the main motivation for [[childlessness]].{{dubious|date=April 2024}}<ref name="torinonews24.it"/> Other countries such as [[Sweden]] and [[France]] with superior [[childcare]] service and better job conditions also have [[Sub-replacement fertility|birth rates below the population replacement level]], which is approximately 2.1.

===Historical fertility rates===
[[File:Total fertility rate of Italy overtime to 2016.svg|thumb|466x466px|TFR of Italy overtime to 2016]]
The [[total fertility rate]] is the number of children born per woman. This table is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: [[Our World in Data]] and [[Gapminder Foundation]].<ref name="ourworldindata.org">{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=ITA|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries|author=Max Roser|date=2014|work=[[Our World in Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]]|access-date=7 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807185906/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=ITA|archive-date=7 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Famiglia Giuseppe Riggio 2.jpg|thumb|230px|The Sicilian photographer Giuseppe Riggio (1871–1960) with his large [[nuclear family]] in 1925]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+Total fertility rates in Italy<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
! Years !! 1850!!1851!!1852!!1853!!1854!!1855!!1856!!1857!!1858!!1859!!1860
|-
| align="left"|Rate||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.47||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.42||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.38||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.33||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.29||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.24||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.19||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.15||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.10||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.06||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.01
|-
! Years !! !!1861!!1862!!1863!!1864!!1865!!1866!!1867!!1868!!1869!!1870
|-
| align="left"|Rate|| ||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.96||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.93||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.90||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.90||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.91||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.91||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.92||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.92||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.91||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.90
|-
! Years !! !!1871!!1872!!1873!!1874!!1875!!1876!!1877!!1878!!1879!!1880
|-
| align="left"|Rate|| ||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.90||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.89||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.88||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.89||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.9||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.9||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.91||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.92||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.95||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.98
|-
! Years !! !!1881!!1882!!1883!!1884!!1885!!1886!!1887!!1888!!1889!!1890
|-
| align="left"|Rate|| ||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.00||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.03||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.06||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.05||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.04||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.04||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.03||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.02||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.98||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.95
|-
! Years !!  !!1891!!1892!!1893!!1894!!1895!!1896!!1897!!1898!!1899
|-
| align="left"|Rate|| ||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.91||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.88||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.84||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.79||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.74||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.69||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.64||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.59||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.56
|}
In 2021 this was 1.47 children born/woman.

'''Mother's mean age at first birth;''' 31.1 years (2017 est.)

===Internal migration===
{{main|Internal migration in Italy}}
[[File:Centrale termica falck.jpg|thumb|View of the [[Falck Group|Falck steelworks]] in [[Sesto San Giovanni]], in [[Lombardy]]]]

[[Internal migration in Italy]] is a [[human migration]] within the [[Italian geographical region]] that occurred for similar reasons to [[Italian diaspora|emigration]], primarily socioeconomic.<ref name="salogentis">{{cite web|url=http://www.salogentis.it/2012/11/16/lemigrazione-interna-italiana-negli-anni-50-e-60/|title=L'emigrazione interna italiana negli anni '50 e '60|date=16 November 2012 |accessdate=8 February 2018|language=it}}</ref> Its largest wave consisted of 4 million people moving from [[Southern Italy]] to [[Northern Italy]] (and mostly to Northern or Central Italian industrial cities like Rome or Milan, etc.), between the 1950s and 1970s.<ref name="uniud">{{cite web|url=https://www.uniud.it/it/ateneo-uniud/ateneo-uniud-organizzazione/dipartimenti/dies/ricerca/allegati_wp/wp_2013/wp04_2013.pdf|title=Una indagine CATI per lo studio della mobilità interna in Italia in un'ottica longitudinale|accessdate=8 February 2018|language=it|archivedate=20 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420020548/https://www.uniud.it/it/ateneo-uniud/ateneo-uniud-organizzazione/dipartimenti/dies/ricerca/allegati_wp/wp_2013/wp04_2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The oldest migration goes back to the 11th century when soldiers and settlers from [[Northern Italy]] (at the time collectively called "Lombardy"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/lombardo/|title=Lombardo|accessdate=15 April 2022|work=treccani.it|language=it}}</ref>), settled the central and eastern part of [[Sicily]] during the [[Norman conquest of southern Italy]]. After the marriage between the Norman king [[Roger I of Sicily]] with [[Adelaide del Vasto]], member of [[Aleramici]] family, many Lombard colonisers left their homeland, in the Aleramici's possessions in [[Piedmont]] and [[Liguria]], to settle on the island of Sicily.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IBspuVRwnUC&pg=PA323|title=The Society of Norman Italy|author1=Graham A. Loud|author2=Alex Metcalfe|date=2002|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125418}}</ref><ref>These Lombard colonisers were native northern Italians and should not be confused with the Germanic tribe the [[Lombards]], who were referred to as ''longobardi'' to distinguish them from the Italians of the region who were known as ''lombardi''.</ref> The migration of people from Northern Italy to Sicily continued until the end of the 13th century.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Fiorenzo Toso |title = Le minoranze linguistiche in Italia |publisher = Il Mulino |year = 2008 |page = 137 |isbn = 978-88-15-12677-1|language=it}}</ref>

=== Age structure ===
:''0-14 years:'' 0–14 years: 13.45% (male 4,292,431/female 4,097,732)
:''15-24 years:'' 9.61% (male 3,005,402/female 2,989,764)
:''25-54 years:'' 40.86% (male 12,577,764/female 12,921,614)
:''55-64 years:'' 14% (male 4,243,735/female 4,493,581)
:''65 years and over:'' 22.08% (male 5,949,560/female 7,831,076) (2020 est.)

'''Median age'''
:total: 46.5 years. Country comparison to the world: 5th
:male: 45.4 years
:female: 47.5 years (2020 est.)

=== Cities ===
{{See also|Metropolitan areas in Italy|List of cities in Italy by population}}

70.4% of Italian population is classified as [[Urban population|urban]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2212.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122160008/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2212.html |archive-date=22 January 2019 |access-date=19 December 2011 |website=cia.gov}}</ref> a relatively low figure among developed countries. Italy's administrative boundaries have seen significant [[devolution]] in recent decades; the [[Metropolitan Area (Italy)|metropolitan area]] was created as a new administrative unit, and major cities and metro areas now have a [[Provinces of Italy|provincial]] status.

According to [[OECD]],<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] |title=Competitive Cities in the Global Economy |url=http://213.253.134.43/oecd/pdfs/browseit/0406041E.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001192936/http://213.253.134.43/oecd/pdfs/browseit/0406041E.PDF |archive-date=1 October 2008 |access-date=30 April 2009}}</ref> the largest conurbations are:
* [[Milan]] – 7.4&nbsp;million
* [[Rome]] – 3.7&nbsp;million
* [[Naples]] – 3.1&nbsp;million
* [[Turin]] – 2.2&nbsp;million
'''Urbanization'''

:
:urban population: 71% of total population (2020)
:rate of urbanization: 0.29% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

[[File:Map of population density in Italy (2011 census) alt colours.jpg|thumb|Map of Italy's population density at the 2011 census]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|+Metropolitan cities and larger urban zone<ref>{{cite web |last=Roberto |first=Vincenzo Patruno, Marina Venturi, Silvestro |title=Demo-Geodemo. – Mappe, Popolazione, Statistiche Demografiche dell'ISTAT |url=http://demo.istat.it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709154623/http://demo.istat.it/ |archive-date=9 July 2011 |website=demo.istat.it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Population on 1 January by age groups and sex – functional urban areas |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903213351/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en |archive-date=3 September 2015 |access-date=3 November 2017 |website=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref>
! [[Metropolitan cities of Italy|Metropolitan city]]
! [[Regions of Italy|Region]]
! Area<br /><small>(km<sup>2</sup>)</small>
! Population<br /><small>(1 January 2019)</small>
! Functional Urban<br />Areas (FUA)<br />Population<br /><small>(2016)</small>
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Rome|Rome]]'''
| align="center" |[[Lazio]]
| align="right" |5,352
| align="right" |4,342,212
| align="right" |4,414,288
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Milan|Milan]]'''
| align="center" |[[Lombardy]]
| align="right" |1,575
| align="right" |3,250,315
| align="right" |5,111,481
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Naples|Naples]]'''
| align="center" |[[Campania]]
| align="right" |1,171
| align="right" |3,084,890
| align="right" |3,418,061
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Turin|Turin]]'''
| align="center" |[[Piedmont]]
| align="right" |6,829
| align="right" |2,259,523
| align="right" |1,769,475
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Palermo|Palermo]]'''
| align="center" |[[Sicily]]
| align="right" |5,009
| align="right" |1,252,588
| align="right" |1,033,226
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Bari|Bari]]'''
| align="center" |[[Apulia]]
| align="right" |3,821
| align="right" |1,251,994
| align="right" |749,723
|-
| '''[[Metropolitan City of Catania|Catania]]'''
| align="center" |[[Sicily]]
| align="right" |3,574
| align="right" |1,107,702
| align="right" |658,805
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Florence|Florence]]'''
| align="center" |[[Tuscany]]
| align="right" |3,514
| align="right" |1,011,349
| align="right" |807,896
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Bologna|Bologna]]'''
| align="center" |[[Emilia-Romagna]]
| align="right" |3,702
| align="right" |1,014,619
| align="right" |775,247
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Genoa|Genoa]]'''
| align="center" |[[Liguria]]
| align="right" |1,839
| align="right" |841,180
| align="right" |713,243
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Venice|Venice]]'''
| align="center" |[[Veneto]]
| align="right" |2,462
| align="right" |853,338
| align="right" |561,697
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Messina|Messina]]'''
| align="center" |[[Sicily]]
| align="right" |3,266
| align="right" |626,876
| align="right" |273,680
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria|Reggio Calabria]]'''
| align="center" |[[Calabria]]
| align="right" |3,183
| align="right" |548,009
| align="right" |221,139
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Cagliari|Cagliari]]'''
| align="center" |[[Sardinia]]
| align="right" |1,248
| align="right" |431,038
| align="right" |488,954
|}