Editing Delhi (section)

=== Late medieval period ===
{{See also|Delhi Sultanate}}
[[File:Qutub - Minar, Delhi (6994969674).jpg|thumb|upright|The Qutub Minar, Delhi]]
[[Prithviraj Chauhan]] was defeated in 1192 by [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muhammad Ghori]] in the [[second battle of Tarain]]. [[Qutb al-Din Aibak|Qutb-ud-din Aibak]], was given the responsibility of governing the conquered territories of India after Ghori returned to his capital, [[Ghor Province|Ghor]]. When Ghori died without an heir in 1206&nbsp;CE, Qutb-ud-din assumed control of Ghori's Indian possessions and laid the foundation of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]]. He began construction of the [[Qutb Minar]] and [[Qutb complex|Quwwat-al-Islam]] (Might of Islam) mosque, the earliest extant mosque in India. It was his successor, [[Iltutmish]] (1211–1236), who consolidated the conquest of northern India.<ref name=ecosurv1 /><ref name=Quwwat>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/cycle01/section2/233-summary.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524155833/https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/cycle01/section2/233-summary.pdf|archive-date=24 May 2006|title=India: Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi |access-date=22 December 2006 |work= State of Conservation of the World Heritage Properties in the Asia-Pacific Region: : Summaries of Periodic Reports 2003 by property, Section II |publisher=[[UNESCO]] World Heritage Centre |pages=71–72}}</ref> At {{convert|72.5|m|abbr=on|0}}, the [[Qutb Minar]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in Delhi,<ref name="Qutab">{{cite web|url=https://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=6643&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|title=Under threat: The Magnificent Minaret of Jam|work=The New Courier No 1|date=October 2002|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=3 May 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522201305/https://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D6643%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|archive-date=22 May 2006}}</ref> was completed during the reign of Sultan [[Illtutmish]] in the 13th century. Although its style has some similarities with the [[Jarkurgan minaret]], it is more closely related to the [[Ghaznavid]] and [[Ghurid]] minarets of [[Central Asia]]<ref name=mcclary-medieval-monuments>{{citation|last = McClary|first=Richard Piran|title=Medieval Monuments of Central Asia: Qarakhanid Architecture of the 11th and 12th Centuries|year= 2020|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|page=287|url= |quote=The second story of the minaret, built during the reign of Iltutmish" (r. 1211-36), features a similar form of ribbing to the shaft as is seen at the Jar Kurgan minaret, but the lower section features alternating flanges and ribs, while the third storey is entirely flanged, with a stellate plan. The Qutb Minar is more closely related to the Ghaznavid and Ghurid traditions of minaret construction, although all the surviving large minarets from Central Asia can be seen to share certain general characteristics, namely, a tall tapering shaft and bands of decoration. }}</ref> [[Razia Sultana|Razia]], daughter of Iltutmish, became the Sultana of Delhi upon the former's death.

For the next three hundred years, Delhi was ruled by a succession of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], [[Sayyid Dynasty|Indian]] and an [[Afghans|Afghan]], [[Lodi dynasty]]. They built several forts and townships that are part of the [[History of Delhi|seven cities of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Ibn_Battuta/Battuta's_Trip_Seven.html |title=Battuta's Travels: Delhi, capital of Muslim India |publisher=Sfusd.k12.ca.us |access-date=7 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423014415/https://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Ibn_Battuta/Battuta%27s_Trip_Seven.html |archive-date=23 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Delhi was a major centre of [[Sufism]] during this period.<ref>{{cite book |title=Travel Delhi, India |location=History section |page=10 |isbn=9781605010519 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MsYj4ysWQ6sC&q=delhi+was+center+of+sufism&pg=PT9 |author1=Mobilereference |year=2007 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)]] was overthrown in 1290 by [[Jalal-ud-din Khalji|Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji]] (1290–1320). Under the second Khalji ruler, [[Alauddin Khalji|Ala-ud-din Khalji]], the Delhi sultanate extended its control south of the [[Narmada River]] in the [[Deccan]]. The Delhi sultanate reached its greatest extent during the reign of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] (1325–1351). In an attempt to bring the whole of the Deccan under control, he moved his capital to [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra]] in central India. However, by moving away from Delhi he lost control of the north and was forced to return to Delhi to restore order. The southern provinces then broke away. In the years following the reign of [[Firoz Shah Tughlaq]] (1351–1388), the [[Delhi Sultanate]] rapidly began to lose its hold over its northern provinces. Delhi was captured and sacked by [[Timur]] in 1398,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/timurid.html |title=The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Timurid Empire) |publisher=Ucalgary.ca |access-date=7 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816204247/https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/timurid.html |archive-date=16 August 2009 }}</ref> who massacred 100,000 captive civilians.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rubinstein |first=W. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC&pg=PA28 |title=Genocide: A History |date=2004 |publisher=Pearson Longman |isbn=978-0-582-50601-5 |language=en}}</ref> Delhi's decline continued under the [[Sayyid dynasty]] (1414–1451), until the sultanate was reduced to Delhi and its hinterland. Under the Afghan [[Lodi dynasty]] (1451–1526), the sultanate recovered control of Punjab and the [[Gangetic plain]] to once again achieve domination over Northern India. However, the recovery was short-lived and the sultanate was destroyed in 1526 by [[Babur]], founder of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal dynasty]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}