Editing Daylight saving time (section)

==History==
Ancient civilizations adjusted daily schedules to the sun more flexibly than DST does, often dividing daylight into 12 hours regardless of daytime, so that each daylight hour became progressively longer during spring and shorter during autumn.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Daylight saving in ancient Rome |author= Berthold |journal= The Classical Journal |volume= 13 |issue= 6 |pages= 450–451 |year= 1918 }}</ref> For example, the [[Roman timekeeping|Romans kept time]] with [[water clock]]s that had different scales for different months of the year; at Rome's latitude, the third hour from sunrise ([[terce|''hora tertia'']]) started at 09:02 [[solar time]] and lasted 44 minutes at the winter [[solstice]], but at the summer solstice it started at 06:58 and lasted 75 minutes.<ref>{{cite book |title =Daily Life in Ancient Rome: The People and the City at the Height of the Empire |author =Jérôme Carcopino |publisher =Yale University Press |chapter =The days and hours of the Roman calendar |isbn =978-0-300-00031-3 |year =1968 |author-link =Jérôme Carcopino |url =https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00carc_0 }}</ref> From the 14th century onward, equal-length civil hours supplanted unequal ones, so [[civil time]] no longer varied by season. Unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as monasteries of [[Mount Athos]]<ref>{{cite journal |journal =The Atlantic |year =2003 |volume =292 |issue =5 |pages =138–141 |title =The holy mountain |author =Robert Kaplan |author-link =Robert D. Kaplan}}</ref> and in Jewish ceremonies.<ref>{{cite book |author =Hertzel Hillel Yitzhak |year =2006 |title =Tzel HeHarim: Tzitzit |chapter =When to recite the blessing |pages =53–58 |isbn =978-1-58330-292-7 |publisher =Feldheim |location =Nanuet, NY }}</ref>

[[Benjamin Franklin]] published the proverb "early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise",<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fgaUQc8NbTYC&pg=PA70 |title = The Facts on File dictionary of proverbs |page = 70 |first = Martin H. |last = Manser |publisher = [[Infobase Publishing]] |year = 2007 |access-date = 26 October 2011 |isbn = 978-0816066735 |archive-date = 4 September 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150904045548/https://books.google.com/books?id=fgaUQc8NbTYC&pg=PA70 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=EYiyAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA477 |title =Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin |author1 =Benjamin Franklin |author2 =William Temple Franklin |author3 =William Duane |publisher =McCarty & Davis |year =1834 |page =477 |access-date =20 October 2016 |archive-date =1 February 2017 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170201213811/https://books.google.com/books?id=EYiyAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA477 |url-status =live }}</ref> and published a letter in the ''[[Journal de Paris]]'' when he was an American [[Envoy (title)|envoy]] to France (1776–1785) suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight.<ref>{{cite journal |author =Seymour Stanton Block |title =Benjamin Franklin: America's inventor |journal =American History |year =2006 |url =http://www.historynet.com/benjamin-franklin-americas-inventor.htm |access-date =9 March 2009 |archive-date =29 March 2019 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190329120837/https://www.historynet.com/benjamin-franklin-americas-inventor.htm |url-status =live }}</ref> This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise.<ref name=Franklin>{{cite journal |author =Benjamin Franklin, writing anonymously |title =Aux auteurs du Journal |journal =Journal de Paris |date =26 April 1784 |issue =117 |pages =511–513 |language =fr }} Its first publication was in the journal's "Économie" section in a French translation. The [http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/franklin3.html revised English version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115130303/http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/franklin3.html |date=15 November 2017 }} [cited 13 February 2009] is commonly called "An Economical Project", a title that is not Franklin's; see {{cite journal |author =A.O. Aldridge |title =Franklin's essay on daylight saving |journal =American Literature |volume =28 |issue =1 |pages =23–29 |year =1956 |doi =10.2307/2922719|jstor =2922719 |issn = 0002-9831 }}</ref> Despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST; 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks required a standardization of clocks unknown in Franklin's day.<ref>{{cite journal |author =Eviatar Zerubavel |title =The standardization of time: a sociohistorical perspective |journal =The American Journal of Sociology |volume =88 |issue =1 |year =1982 |pages =1–23 |doi =10.1086/227631 |s2cid =144994119 |author-link =Eviatar Zerubavel }}</ref>

In 1810, the Spanish National Assembly [[Cortes of Cádiz]] issued a regulation that moved certain meeting times forward by one hour from 1 May to 30 September in recognition of seasonal changes, but it did not change the clocks. It also acknowledged that private businesses were in the practice of changing their opening hours to suit daylight conditions, but they did so of their volition.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.congreso.es/docu/blog/reglamento_cortes_1810.pdf |series=[[Congreso de los Diputados]] |place= Cadiz |title=Reglamento para el gobierno interior de las Cortes |first=Manuel |last=Luxan |year=1810 |archive-date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905065227/http://www.congreso.es/docu/blog/reglamento_cortes_1810.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.elmundo.es/opinion/2018/09/03/5b8bd39046163f9c628b462e.html |newspaper=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |last=Martín Olalla |first=José María |date=3 September 2018 |access-date=4 September 2018 |title=La gestión de la estacionalidad |language=es |publisher=[[Unidad Editorial]] |archive-date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904101703/http://www.elmundo.es/opinion/2018/09/03/5b8bd39046163f9c628b462e.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:George-Vernon-Hudson-RSNZ.jpeg|thumb|upright|left|alt= Fuzzy head-and-shoulders photo of a 40-year-old man with a mustache.|[[George Hudson (entomologist)|George Hudson]] was the first to propose modern DST, in 1895.]]

New Zealand entomologist [[George Hudson (entomologist)|George Hudson]] first proposed modern DST. His shift-work job gave him spare time to collect insects and led him to value after-hours daylight.<ref name="DNZB-Hudson">{{DNZB|last= Gibbs|first= George|id= 3H42|title= Hudson, George Vernon|access-date= 22 March 2015}}</ref> In 1895, he presented a paper to the [[Royal Society of New Zealand#Regional Constituent Organisations|Wellington Philosophical Society]] proposing a two-hour daylight-saving shift,<ref name="Hudson_1895_p734"/> and considerable interest was expressed in [[Christchurch]]; he followed up with an 1898 paper.<ref>{{cite journal |author =G. V. Hudson |title =On seasonal time |journal =Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute |year =1898 |volume =31 |pages =577–588 |url =http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_31/rsnz_31_00_008570.html |access-date =3 April 2009 |archive-date =23 May 2010 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100523181524/http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_31/rsnz_31_00_008570.html |url-status =live }}</ref> Many publications credit the DST proposal to prominent English builder and outdoorsman [[William Willett]],<ref>{{cite journal |title =New Zealand time |journal =New Zealand Geographer |date =1 October 1947 |volume =3 |issue =2 |page =198 |doi =10.1111/j.1745-7939.1947.tb01466.x |last1 =Lee |first1 =L. P. |author-link=Laurence Patrick Lee |bibcode =1947NZGeo...3..197L }}</ref> who independently conceived DST in 1907 during a pre-breakfast ride when he observed how many Londoners slept through a large part of a summer day.<ref name="Willett100"/> Willett also was an avid golfer who disliked cutting short his round at dusk.{{sfnp|''Seize the Daylight''|2005|p=3}} His solution was to advance the clock during the summer, and he published the proposal two years later.<ref name=Willett>{{cite book |author =William Willett |title =The waste of daylight |year =1907 |edition =1st |url =http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/willett.html |author-link =William Willett |via =Daylight Saving Time |access-date =9 March 2009 |archive-date =30 March 2019 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190330085246/http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/willett.html |url-status =live }}</ref> Liberal Party member of parliament [[Robert Pearce (British politician)|Robert Pearce]] took up the proposal, introducing the first Daylight Saving Bill to the British House of Commons on 12 February 1908.<ref>{{cite hansard | url = https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1908/feb/12/daylight-saving-bill#S4V0184P0_19080212_HOC_254|title =Daylight Saving Bill | house = House of Commons | date = 12 February 1908 | column_start =155 | column_end =156 }}</ref> A select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law and several other bills failed in the following years.<ref name=Ogle>{{Cite book|last=Ogle|first=Vanessa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5_XCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|title=The Global Transformation of Time: 1870–1950|date=2015|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-28614-6|page=51|language=en|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=22 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322224631/https://books.google.com/books?id=R5_XCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|url-status=live}}</ref> Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915.

[[File:Saving Daylight - Save 1,000,000 tons of coal NMAH-AC0433-0000103.jpg|thumb|upright|right|DST was first implemented in the United States to conserve energy during World War I (poster by [[United Cigar Stores]]).]]
[[Port Arthur, Ontario]], Canada, was the first city in the world to enact DST, on 1 July 1908.<ref name="Northern Ontario Travel"/><ref name="Daylight Saving Time"/> This was followed by [[Orillia]], Ontario, introduced by William Sword Frost while mayor from 1911 to 1912.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.orilliapacket.com/2009/07/16/faded-memories-for-sale|last =Moro|first =Teviah|title =Faded Memories for Sale|newspaper =Orillia Packet and Times|date =16 July 2009|location =Orillia, Ontario|access-date =20 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160826093846/http://www.orilliapacket.com/2009/07/16/faded-memories-for-sale|archive-date =26 August 2016}}</ref> The first states to adopt DST ({{langx|de|Sommerzeit}}) nationally were those of the [[German Empire]] and its [[World War I]] ally [[Austria-Hungary]] commencing on 30 April 1916, as a way to conserve coal during wartime. Britain, most of its [[Allies of World War I|allies]], and many European neutrals soon followed. Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year, and the United States adopted daylight saving in 1918. Most jurisdictions abandoned DST in the years after the war ended in 1918, with exceptions including Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Ireland, and the United States.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://biblio-archive.unog.ch/Dateien/CouncilMSD/C-667-M-267-1923-VIII_EN.pdf|last=League of Nations|title=Regulation of summer time|date=20 October 1923|location=Geneva|pages=5, 22–24|access-date=4 September 2020|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024144826/https://biblio-archive.unog.ch/Dateien/CouncilMSD/C-667-M-267-1923-VIII_EN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> It became common during [[World War II]] (some countries adopted double summer time), and was standardized in the US by federal law in 1966, and widely adopted in Europe from the 1970s as a result of the [[1970s energy crisis]]. Since then, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals.{{sfnp|Seize the Daylight|2005|pp=51–89}}

It is a common myth in the United States that DST was first implemented for the benefit of farmers.<ref name="Feltman-2015">{{Cite news |last=Feltman |first=Rachel |date=6 March 2015 |title=Perspective {{!}} Five myths about daylight saving time |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2015/03/06/five-myths-about-daylight-saving-time/ |access-date=16 March 2022 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name="Victor-2016">{{Cite news |last=Victor |first=Daniel |date=11 March 2016 |title=Daylight Saving Time: Why Does It Exist? (It's Not for Farming) |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/12/us/daylight-saving-time-farmers.html |access-date=16 March 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Klein">{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |title=8 Things You May Not Know About Daylight Saving Time |url=https://www.history.com/news/8-things-you-may-not-know-about-daylight-saving-time |access-date=16 March 2022 |website=.History.com|language=en}}</ref> In reality, farmers have been one of the strongest [[lobbying]] groups against DST since it was first implemented.<ref name="Feltman-2015" /><ref name="Victor-2016" /><ref name="Klein" /> The factors that influence farming schedules, such as morning [[dew]] and [[dairy cattle]]'s readiness to be milked, are ultimately dictated by the sun, so the clock change introduces unnecessary challenges.<ref name="Feltman-2015" /><ref name="Klein" /><ref name="Time magazine">{{Cite magazine |title=When Daylight Saving Time Was Year-Round |url=https://time.com/3695333/daylight-saving-time-wwii/ |access-date=16 March 2022 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref>

DST was first implemented in the US with the [[Standard Time Act]] of 1918, a wartime measure for seven months during World War I in the interest of adding more daylight hours to conserve energy resources.<ref name="NPR">[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7779875 A Time-Change Timeline], [[National Public Radio]], 8 March 2007</ref><ref name="Time magazine" /> Year-round DST, or "[[War Time]]", was implemented again during World War II.<ref name="NPR"/> After the war, local jurisdictions were free to choose if and when to observe DST until the [[Uniform Time Act]] which standardized DST in 1966.<ref name="NPR" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Graphics |first=WSJ com News |title=World War I Centenary: Daylight-Saving Time |url=https://online.wsj.com/ww1/daylight-saving-time |access-date=16 March 2022 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en}}</ref> Permanent daylight saving time was enacted for the winter of 1974, but there were complaints of children going to school in the dark and working people commuting and starting their work day in pitch darkness during the winter, and it was repealed a year later.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}