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=== Cognitive psychology === Kahneman received a bachelor's degree in psychology and mathematics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1954 and a degree in psychology from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1961, and went on to become a lecturer in psychology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem later in 1961<ref name="NobelPrize Bio 2002"/> and was promoted to senior lecturer in 1966. His early work focused on visual perception and attention.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kahneman |first1=Daniel |last2=Beatty |first2=Jackson |date=1966 |title=Pupil Diameter and Load on Memory |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1720478 |journal=Science |volume=154 |issue=3756 |pages=1583β1585 |doi=10.1126/science.154.3756.1583 |jstor=1720478 |pmid=5924930 |bibcode=1966Sci...154.1583K |s2cid=22762466 |issn=0036-8075 |access-date=March 12, 2024 |archive-date=March 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312165328/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1720478 |url-status=live }}</ref> From 1965 to 1966, he was a visiting scientist at the [[University of Michigan]], a fellow at the Center for Cognitive Studies and a lecturer in [[cognitive psychology]] at [[Harvard University]] in 1966 to 1967, and during the summers of 1968 and 1969 he was a visiting scientist at the [[MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit|Applied Psychology Research Unit]] in [[Cambridge]]. His work on attention led to a book, ''Attention and Effort'', in which he presented a theory of effort based on studies of pupillary changes during mental tasks.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kahneman |first=Daniel |title=Attention and effort |date=1973 |publisher=Prentice-Hall |isbn=9780130505187 }}</ref> Kahneman also developed rules of counterfactual thinking, and published "Norm Theory" with Dale Miller.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kahneman |first1=Daniel |last2=Miller |first2=Dale T. |date=April 1986 |title=Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.136 |journal=The Psychological Review |language=en |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=136β153 |doi=10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.136 |issn=1939-1471 |access-date=March 12, 2024 |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517223511/https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.136 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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