Editing Daniel Ellsberg (section)

==The ''Pentagon Papers''==
[[File:Daniel Ellsberg at 1972 press conference (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ellsberg, speaking at a press conference, New York City, 1972]]
{{Main|Pentagon Papers}}
In late 1969, with the assistance of his former RAND Corporation colleague [[Anthony Russo (whistleblower)|Anthony Russo]], Ellsberg secretly made several sets of photocopies of the classified documents to which he had access; these later became known as the ''Pentagon Papers''. They revealed that, early on, the government had knowledge that the war as then resourced could most likely not be won. Further, as an editor of ''The New York Times'' was to write much later, these documents "demonstrated, among other things, that the [[Lyndon B. Johnson#Presidency (1963–1969)|Johnson Administration]] had systematically lied, not only to the public but also to [[U.S. Congress|Congress]], about a subject of transcendent national interest and significance".<ref name="Apple">{{Cite news|last=Apple|first=R.W.|author-link=R. W. Apple, Jr.|title=Pentagon Papers|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|location=New York|date=June 23, 1996|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/p/pentagon_papers/index.html?scp=1-spot&sq=pentagon%20papers&st=cse|quote=Johnson Administration had systematically lied, not only to the public but also to Congress|access-date=July 2, 2010}}</ref>

Shortly after Ellsberg copied the documents, he resolved to meet some of the people who had influenced both his change of heart on the war and his decision to act. One of them was Randy Kehler. Another was the poet [[Gary Snyder]], whom he had met in Kyoto in 1960, and with whom he had argued about U.S. foreign policy; Ellsberg was finally prepared to concede that Snyder had been right, about both the situation and the need for action against it.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Halper|first=Jon|title=Gary Snyder: dimensions of a life|publisher=Sierra Club Books|year=1991|isbn=978-0-87156-636-2|url=https://archive.org/details/garysnyderdimens00halp}}</ref>

===Release and publication===
Throughout 1970, Ellsberg covertly attempted to persuade a few sympathetic [[United States Senate|U.S. Senators]]{{Snd}}among them [[J. William Fulbright]], chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Senate Foreign Relations Committee]], and [[George McGovern]], a leading opponent of the war{{Snd}}to release the papers on the Senate floor, because a Senator could not be prosecuted for anything he said on the record before the Senate.<ref>Sanford J. Ungar, The Papers & The Papers, An Account of the Legal and Political Battle Over the Pentagon Papers, 1972, E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., New York; p. 127</ref>

Ellsberg allowed some copies of the documents to circulate privately, including among scholars at the [[Institute for Policy Studies]] (IPS), [[Marcus Raskin]] and [[Ralph Stavins]].<ref name="AP obituary 2023">{{cite web|last=Italie|first=Hillel|url=https://apnews.com/article/daniel-ellsberg-vietnam-war-pentagon-papers-12f57b417c372c1b8760a21d447cb502|title=Daniel Ellsberg, who leaked Pentagon Papers exposing Vietnam War secrets, dies at 92|website=Associated Press of New York (AP)|date=June 16, 2023|access-date=June 26, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Secrets"/> Ellsberg also shared the documents with ''The New York Times'' correspondent and former Vietnam-era acquaintance [[Neil Sheehan]], who wrote a story based on what he had received both directly from Ellsberg and from contacts at IPS.<ref name=wildmanreviewinreason>{{Cite news|last=Young |first=Michael |title=The devil and Daniel Ellsberg: From archetype to anachronism (review of ''Wild Man: The Life and Times of Daniel Ellsberg'') |newspaper=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]] |page=2 |date=June 2002 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1568/is_2_34/ai_85701104 |access-date=July 2, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830070005/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1568/is_2_34/ai_85701104/ |archive-date=August 30, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Secrets"/><ref name="Scott 2021">{{cite web | title=How Neil Sheehan Got the Pentagon Papers |last=Scott|first=Janny| website=The New York Times | date=January 7, 2021 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/us/pentagon-papers-neil-sheehan.html | access-date=June 25, 2023}}</ref> While Ellsberg had asked him to only take notes of the documents in his apartment, Sheehan defied Ellsberg's wishes on March 2,<ref name="Secrets"/><ref name="Chokshi 2017">{{cite web | title=Behind the Race to Publish the Top-Secret Pentagon Papers|last=Chokshi|first=Niraj | website=The New York Times | date=December 20, 2017 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/20/us/pentagon-papers-post.html | access-date=June 26, 2023}}</ref> by frantically copying them in various Boston-area shops while Ellsberg was vacationing in the West Indies. Sheehan then flew the copies to his home in Washington and then New York.<ref name="Scott 2021"/><ref name="Sanger Scott 2021">{{cite web | last1=Sanger | first1=David E. |last2=Scott|first2=Janny|last3=Harlan|first3=Jennifer|last4=Gallagher|first4=Brian|title='We're Going to Publish': An Oral History of the Pentagon Papers | website=The New York Times | date=June 9, 2021 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/06/09/us/pentagon-papers-oral-history.html|archive-date=June 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613071158/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/06/09/us/pentagon-papers-oral-history.html| access-date=June 26, 2023}}</ref>

On Sunday, June 13, 1971, ''[[The New York Times]]'' published the first of nine excerpts from, and commentaries on, the 7,000-page collection. For 15 days, ''The New York Times'' was prevented from publishing its articles by court order requested by the [[Nixon administration]]. Meanwhile, while eluding an [[FBI]] manhunt for thirteen days, Ellsberg gave the documents to [[Ben Bagdikian]], then-national editor of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' and former RAND Corporation colleague, in a Boston-area motel.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers|journal=The Nation|author=H. Bruce Franklin|date=July 9, 2001|url=http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~hbf/ELLSBERG.htm|access-date=July 15, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509054438/http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~hbf/ELLSBERG.htm|archive-date=May 9, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Secrets"/> On June 30, the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] allowed the resumption of publication by ''The New York Times'' (''[[New York Times Co. v. United States]]''). Two days prior to the Supreme Court's decision, Ellsberg publicly admitted his role in releasing the Pentagon Papers to the press, and surrendered to federal authorities at the U.S. Attorney's office in Boston.<ref name="Secrets">{{Cite book|last=Ellsberg|first=Daniel|author-link=Daniel Ellsberg|title=Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers|publisher=Viking Press|location=New York|year=2002|isbn=978-0-670-03030-9|url=https://archive.org/details/secretsmemoirofv02ells}}</ref>

On June 29, 1971, U.S. Senator [[Mike Gravel]] of Alaska entered 4,100 pages of the Papers into the record of his Subcommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds{{Snd}}pages which he had received from Ellsberg via Ben Bagdikian on June 26.<ref>{{citation |url=https://freedom.press/news/fifty-years-ago-today-senator-mike-gravel-read-the-pentagon-papers-into-the-official-record-more-lawmakers-should-follow-his-lead/ |title=Fifty years ago today, Senator Mike Gravel read the Pentagon Papers into the official record. |author=Parker Higgins |date=June 29, 2021 |publisher=Freedom of the Press Foundation}}</ref><ref name="Secrets"/>

===Fallout===
The release of these papers was politically embarrassing not only to those involved in the [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon Johnson|Johnson]] administrations, but also to the incumbent Nixon administration. Nixon's [[Watergate tapes|Oval Office tape]] from June 14, 1971, shows [[H. R. Haldeman]] describing the situation to Nixon:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Meadows |first=Eddie |date=June 14, 1971 |title=Oval office meeting with Bob Haldelman, Nixon Presidential Materials Project, Oval-519, Cassette 747 |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB48/nixon.html |newspaper=audio tape}}</ref>

[[File:Nixon Oval Office meeting with H.R. Haldeman, Monday, 14 June 1971, 309 p.m.wav|thumb|Nixon Oval Office meeting with H.R. Haldeman, Monday, June 14, 1971, 3:09&nbsp;pm (Quote begins at about 7:30 into the recording.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB48/oval.pdf|title=Transcript <!-- here -->}}</ref>]]
{{blockquote|[[Donald Rumsfeld|Rumsfeld]] was making this point this morning... To the ordinary guy, all this is a bunch of gobbledygook. But out of the gobbledygook comes a very clear thing.... You can't trust the government; you can't believe what they say; and you can't rely on their judgment; and the{{snd}}the implicit infallibility of presidents, which has been an accepted thing in America, is badly hurt by this, because It shows that people do things the president wants to do even though it's wrong, and the president can be wrong.}}

[[John N. Mitchell|John Mitchell]], Nixon's [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]], almost immediately issued a telegram to ''The New York Times'' ordering that it halt publication. ''The New York Times'' refused, and the government brought suit against it.

Although ''The New York Times'' eventually won the case before the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]], prior to that, an [[appellate court]] ordered that the ''New York Times'' temporarily halt further publication. This was the first time the federal government was able to restrain the publication of a major newspaper since the presidency of [[Abraham Lincoln]] during the [[U.S. Civil War]]. Ellsberg released the Pentagon Papers to seventeen other newspapers in rapid succession.<ref>''The Most Dangerous Man in America: Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers''</ref> The right of the press to publish the papers was upheld in ''[[New York Times Co. v. United States]]''. The Supreme Court ruling has been called one of the "modern pillars" of [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] rights with respect to freedom of the press.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110318192603/http://www.america.gov/st/democracyhr-english/2008/June/20080630215145eaifas0.6333842.html U.S. Department of State (June 23, 2008) Freedom of the Press]. Retrieved July 15, 2019.</ref>

In response to the leaks, Nixon White House staffers began a campaign against further leaks and against Ellsberg personally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/12-9-2002-31884.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041128031733/http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/12-9-2002-31884.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-date=November 28, 2004 |title=Portrait: Daniel Ellsberg |publisher=Buzzle.com |date=December 9, 2002 |access-date=July 21, 2021 }}</ref> Aides [[Egil Krogh]] and [[David Young (Watergate)|David Young]], under the supervision of [[John Ehrlichman]], created the "[[White House Plumbers]]", which would later lead to the Watergate burglaries. [[Richard Holbrooke]], a friend of Ellsberg, came to see him as "one of those accidental characters of history who show the pattern of a whole era" and thought that he was the "triggering mechanism for events which would link Vietnam and [[Watergate]] in one continuous 1961-to-1975 story."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Our Man: Richard Holbrooke and the End of the American Century|last=Packer|first=George|publisher=Knopf|year=2019|isbn=9780307958037|location=NY|pages=145|oclc=1043051114}}</ref>