Editing Dalmatia (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of Dalmatia}}

===Antiquity===
{{Main|Dalmatia (Roman province)}}
[[File:Split12(js).jpg|thumb|left|[[Diocletian's Palace|Palace of the Roman Emperor Diocletian]], [[Split, Croatia|Split]]]]
Dalmatia's name is derived from the name of an [[Illyrians|Illyrian]] tribe called the [[Dalmatae]] who lived in the area of the eastern [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] coast in the 1st millennium BC. It was part of the [[Illyria|Illyrian Kingdom]] between the 4th century BC and the [[Illyrian Wars]] (220, 168 BC) when the [[Roman Republic]] established its protectorate south of the river [[Neretva]]. The name "Dalmatia" was in use probably from the second half of the 2nd century BC and certainly from the first half of the 1st century BC, defining a coastal area of the eastern Adriatic between the [[Krka (Croatia)|Krka]] and [[Neretva]] rivers.<ref>S.Čače, ''Ime Dalmacije u 2. i 1. st. prije Krista'', Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru, godište 40 za 2001. Zadar, 2003, pp. 29, 45.</ref> It was slowly incorporated into Roman possessions until the Roman province of [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]] was formally established around 32–27 BC. In 9 AD, the Dalmatians raised the last in [[Bellum Batonianum|a series of revolts]]<ref>Charles George Herbermann, ''The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference'' (1913)</ref> together with the Pannonians, but it was finally crushed and, in 10 AD, Illyricum was split into two provinces, [[Pannonia]] and [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]], which spread into larger area inland to cover all of the [[Dinaric Alps]] and most of the eastern Adriatic coast.<ref>M.Zaninović, ''Ilirsko pleme Delmati'', pp. 58, 83-84.</ref>

The historian [[Theodor Mommsen]] wrote in his book, ''The Provinces of the Roman Empire'', that all Dalmatia was fully romanized by the 4th century AD. However, analysis of archaeological material from that period has shown that the process of [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanization]] was rather selective. While urban centers, both coastal and inland, were almost completely romanized, the situation in the countryside was completely different. Despite the Illyrians being subject to a strong process of [[acculturation]], they continued to speak [[Illyrian language|their native language]], worship [[Illyrian religion|their own gods]] and traditions, and follow their own social-political tribal organization which was adapted to Roman administration and political structure only in some necessities.<ref>A. Stipčević'', Iliri'', Školska knjiga Zagreb, 1974, p. 70</ref>

The [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire|fall]] of the [[Western Roman Empire]], and the beginning of the [[Migration Period]], left the region subject to [[Goths|Gothic]] rulers [[Odoacer]] and [[Theodoric the Great]]. They ruled Dalmatia from 480 to 535 AD, when it was restored to the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire]] by [[Justinian I]].

===Middle Ages===
[[File:Oton Ivekovic, Dolazak Hrvata na Jadran.jpg|thumb|[[Oton Iveković]], ''The Croats' Arrival at the Adriatic Sea'']]
{{See also|Dalmatia (theme)|Dalmatian city-states|Duchy of Croatia{{!}}Principality of Dalmatian Croatia|Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Medieval Dalmatian principalities}}

In the [[Early Middle Ages]], the territory of the Byzantine province of Dalmatia reached in the north up to the river [[Sava]], and was part of the [[Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum]]. In the middle of the 6th and the beginning of the 7th century began the [[Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe|Slavic migration]], which caused the Romance-speaking population, descendants of Romans and Illyrians (speaking [[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]]), to flee to the coast and islands.{{sfn|Ivetic|2022|pp=64, 73}} The hinterland, semi-depopulated by the [[Barbarian Invasions]], was settled by the [[Slavic tribes]]. The Slavs alongside [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]] by 619 brought to ruin the capital [[Salona]] (an event that allowed for the settlement of the nearby [[Diocletian's Palace]] in [[Split, Croatia|Spalatum]]), Asseria, Varvaria, Burnum, Scardona, Epidaurum and Acruvium (resulting with the foundation of [[Kotor]]), and Epidaurum (resulting with the foundation of [[Republic of Ragusa|Ragusa]]).{{sfn|Ivetic|2022|p=64}} The newly-arrived tribes of [[Croats]], Serbs and other Slavs founded S''claviniae'' [[Duchy of Croatia|Croatia]], [[Narentines|Pagania]], [[Zachlumia]], [[Travunia]] and [[Konavle]] (also a small region of [[Bosnia (early medieval)|Bosnia]], with [[Duklja]] and [[Principality of Serbia (early medieval)|Serbia]] in nearby [[Praevalitana]] and [[Moesia]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van Antwerp Fine |first=John |url=http://archive.org/details/TheEarlyMedievalBalkans |title=The Early Medieval Balkans |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1991 |pages=52–53}}</ref>

In the early 9th century, the Eastern Adriatic coast including Dalmatia was the scene of the sphere of influence struggle between the [[Francia|Frankish]] and Byzantine Empire, but although the Byzantines have retained supremacy, Dalmatia became a meeting place between the West and the East.{{sfn|Ivetic|2022|p=67–68}} The meaning of the administrative-geographical term "Dalmatia" by 820 shrank to the coastal cities and their immediate hinterland – the Byzantine [[Dalmatia (theme)|theme of Dalmatia]].{{sfn|Ivetic|2022|p=69}} Its cities were the Romance-speaking [[Dalmatian city-states]] and remained influential as they were well fortified and maintained their connection with the Byzantine Empire. The original name of the cities was ''Jadera'' ([[Zadar]]; capital of the theme), ''Spalatum'' ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]), ''Crepsa'' ([[Cres (town)|Cres]]), ''Arba'' ([[Rab (town)|Rab]]), ''Tragurium'' ([[Trogir]]), ''Vecla'' ([[Krk (town)|Krk]]), ''Ragusium'' ([[Dubrovnik]]) and ''Cattarum'' ([[Kotor]]).{{sfn|Ivetic|2022|p=69}} The language and the laws were initially [[Latin]], but after a few centuries they developed their own neo-Latin language (the "[[Dalmatian language|Dalmatico]]"), that lasted until the late 19th century.{{sfn|Ivetic|2022|p=74–75}} The cities were maritime centres with a huge commerce mainly with the Italian peninsula and with the growing [[Republic of Venice]].{{sfn|Ivetic|2022|p=69}} The Latin and Slavic communities were somewhat hostile at first, but as the Croats became [[Christianization|Christianized]] this tension increasingly subsided. A degree of cultural mingling soon took place, in some enclaves stronger, in others weaker, as Slavic influence and culture was more accentuated in Ragusa, Spalatum, and Tragurium.
[[File:Kingdom of Croatia.png|thumb|[[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Croatia]] during the reign of King [[Tomislav, King of Croatia|Tomislav]] (925 – 928).]]
In the first half of the 10th century, Croatia was elevated to a [[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|kingdom]] by [[Tomislav of Croatia|Duke Tomislav]] who also extended his influence further southwards to [[Zachlumia]]. As an ally of the Byzantine Empire, the [[King of Croatia|King]] was given the status of Protector of Dalmatia, and became its ''[[de facto]]'' ruler. Chronicler [[Thomas the Archdeacon]] relates that [[Stephen Držislav]] (r. 969 – 997) took the title "King of Dalmatia and Croatia", and that all subsequent rulers styled themselves in such manner. In the year 1000, at the invitation of [[Dalmatian city-states]], an expedition of Venetian ships in coastal Istria and Dalmatia led by Doge [[Pietro II Orseolo]] conquered the Dalmatian cities and islands without much resistance and secured Venetian [[suzerainty]] in the area. From then on, with short interruptions, Venice became the leading power in Dalmatia and the Adriatic until [[Fall of the Republic of Venice|its dissolution]] nearly eight hundred years later. On this occasion Doge Orseolo named himself "[[Duke of Dalmatia (Venetian)|Duke of Dalmatia]]", starting the [[Stato da Màr|colonial empire of Venice]]. Orseolo led the Venetian fleet into the eastern Adriatic and gradually took control of most of it; first the islands of the [[Gulf of Kvarner]] and the city of [[Zadar]], then [[Trogir]] and [[Split (city)|Split]], followed by a successful naval battle with the [[Narentines]] upon which he took control of [[Korčula]] and [[Lastovo]]. The [[Narentines|Narentine]] pirates, which had been causing trouble to Venetian ships in the Adriatic, were finally suppressed permanently. At this time Venice had a firm control over the Adriatic Sea, strengthened by the expedition of Pietro's son [[Ottone Orseolo|Ottone]] in 1017. [[Krešimir III]] tried to restore the Dalmatian cities and had some success until 1018, when he was defeated by Venice allied with the [[Lombardy|Lombards]]. From the 1030s however, after the fall of Doge [[Otto Orseolo]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]] took control of most of the main coastal cities, while Croatian kings [[Stjepan I of Croatia|Stjepan I]] and his son [[Petar Krešimir IV of Croatia|Petar Krešimir IV]] succeeded in taking a substantial part of the coast back, so the latter also carried the title "King of Croatia and Dalmatia". In the subsequent period, the rulers of Croatia exerted some influence over Dalmatian cities and islands, occasionally taking control such as with the conquest of Zadar in the mid-11th century, though the ownership of this city changed intermittently between the Croats and the Venetians, who regained the city in the year 1050. Petar Krešimir IV expanded his rule to incorporate a number of Dalmatian cities and islands by 1069, attested by his gift of the island of [[Maun (island)|Maun]] to the [[Church of Saint Chrysogonus, Zadar|Monastery of St. Chrysogonus]] in that same year. Upon the death of King [[Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia]] by the end of 1080s, the state entered a period of anarchy and would result in Hungarians under [[Coloman of Hungary]] taking control over former Dalmatian possessions along with the rest of the state by 1102.
[[File:Republik Venedig.png|thumb|The [[Republic of Venice]] following the conquest of Dalmatia, 1000 AD.]]

In the [[High Middle Ages|High Medieval period]], the Byzantine Empire was no longer able to expand its power consistently in Dalmatia, and was finally rendered impotent so far west by the [[Fourth Crusade]]. During the reign of [[King of Hungary|King]] [[Emeric, King of Hungary|Emeric]], the Dalmatian cities separated from [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Hungary]] by a treaty.<ref>cit: ''Hunc iste, postquam Dalmatae pacto hoc a Hungaria separati se non tulissent, revocatum contra Emericum armis vindicavit, ac [[Livno#History|Chelmensi Ducatu]], ad mare sito, parteque [[Macedonia (theme)|Macedoniae]] auxit.'' AD 1199. Luc. lib. IV. cap. III. Diplomata [[Béla IV of Hungary|Belae IV]]. AD 1269.</ref> Soon after, in the year 1202, the Venetians led by Doge [[Enrico Dandolo]] directed the army of Crusaders to reconquer for Venice the city of Zadar, an event known in history as the [[Siege of Zara]]. Venice would go on to control the city as well as other Dalmatian cities and islands for the next century and a half, albeit with constant internal and external conflicts, before briefly losing them to Hungary again in the [[Treaty of Zadar]] of 1358. This period of Hungarian influence in Dalmatia was further impacted by the [[Mongol invasion of Europe|Mongol invasion]] of Hungary in 1241. The [[Mongols]] severely impaired the feudal state, so much so that that same year, King [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla IV]] had to take refuge in Dalmatia, as far south as the [[Fortress of Klis]]. The Mongols attacked the Dalmatian cities for the next few years but eventually withdrew without major success.
[[File:C. 1250 Venetian Republic.jpg|thumb|left|[[Venetian Dalmatia]] in {{circa}} 1250]]
At the beginning of the 14th century and until 1322, some Dalmatian cities were under the control of the noble [[Šubić family]] which held them until they were defeated at the [[Battle of Bliska]] by a coalition of nobles, Dalmatian cities and royal troops loyal to [[Charles I of Hungary]].
[[File:Zadar Treaty 1358.png|thumb|Croatia after the [[Treaty of Zadar]] (1358).]]

In the south, due to its protected location, [[Kotor]] became a major city for the [[Salt road|salt trade]]. The area was prosperous during the 14th century under the rule of [[Emperor of the Serbs]] [[Stefan Dušan|Dušan the Mighty]], who encouraged law enforcement, which helped the [[Bay of Kotor]] to become a safe place for doing business.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=q4y0CwAAQBAJ&q=Du%C5%A1an Rick Steves Snapshot Dubrovnik] by Rick Steves and Cameron Hewitt</ref> In 1389, [[Tvrtko I of Bosnia|Tvrtko I]], the founder of the [[Kingdom of Bosnia]], was able to control the Adriatic littoral between Kotor and [[Šibenik]], and even claimed control over the northern coast up to [[Rijeka]], and his own independent ally, [[Republic of Ragusa]]. This was only temporary, as [[Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)|Hungary]] and the Venetians continued their struggle over Dalmatia after Tvrtko's death in 1391. By this time, the whole of the Hungarian and Croatian Kingdom was facing increasing internal difficulties, as a 20-year civil war ensued between the [[Capetian House of Anjou]] from the [[Kingdom of Naples]], and King [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]] of the [[Limburg-Luxemburg dynasty|House of Luxembourg]]. During the war, the losing contender, [[Ladislaus of Naples]], sold his "rights" to Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice in the year 1409 for a mere 100,000 [[ducat]]s. The much more centralised Republic came to control the coast and near hinterland of Dalmatia by the year 1420, and it was to remain under [[Venetian Dalmatia|Venetian rule]] for 377 years (1420–1797).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_1bA7hj3lcC&q=dalmatia|title=Yugoslavia - Carol Greene - Google Livres|access-date=28 May 2014|isbn=9780516027913|year=1984|last1=Greene|first1=Carol|publisher=Childrens Press }}</ref>

===Early modern period===
{{See also|Venetian Dalmatia|Republic of Ragusa|Hvar rebellion|Illyrian Provinces}}
[[File:Kingdom of Croatia 1469.png|thumb|Dalmatia divided between [[Venetian Dalmatia]] and the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom in 1469.]]
[[File:Eastern Adriatic 1558.svg|thumb|Dalmatia divided between Venetian Dalmatia and the Ottoman Empire in 1558.]]
[[File:Bosanski pašaluk 1600. godine.png|thumb|right|Dalmatia divided between Venetian Dalmatia and the Ottoman [[Bosnia Eyalet]] in 1600.]]
[[File:Map of Ragusa.jpg|thumb|right|Map of the [[Republic of Ragusa]], dated 1678.]]

Dalmatia was first and finally sold to the [[Republic of Venice]] in 1409 but [[Venetian Dalmatia]] was not fully consolidated until 1420.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/balkans/xdalmatia.html|title=Dalmatia history|access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref> The Republic of Venice in 1420 controlled the coastal part of Dalmatia and the islands, with the southern [[Enclave and exclave|enclave]], the Bay of [[Kotor]], being called [[Venetian Albania]]. [[Venetian language|Venetian]] was the commercial ''[[lingua franca]]'' in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] at that time, and it heavily influenced Dalmatian and to a lesser degree coastal [[Croatian language|Croatian]] ([[Chakavian]]) and [[Albanian language|Albanian]].

The southern city of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) became de facto independent in 1358 through the [[Treaty of Zadar]] when Venice relinquished its suzerainty over it to [[Louis I of Hungary]]. In 1481, Ragusa switched allegiance to the [[Ottoman Empire]]. This gave its tradesmen advantages such as access to the [[Black Sea]], and the Republic of Ragusa was the fiercest competitor to Venice's merchants in the 15th and 16th centuries. Originally, [[Latin]] was used in official documents of the Republic. [[Italian language|Italian]] came into use in the 1420s. Both languages were used in official correspondence by the Republic. The Republic was influenced by the [[Venetian language]] and the [[Tuscan dialect]].

In the early 16th century, most of the Dalmatian hinterland which was controlled by the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom was lost to the Ottoman Empire by the 1520s which formed the [[Croatian vilayet]] that became incorporated into the [[Sanjak of Klis]] after the [[Siege of Klis]] (1537),{{sfn|Ivetic|2022|pp=130–131, 146}} and decades later into the [[Bosnia Eyalet]].{{sfn|Ivetic|2022|pp=141}} With the fall of the Hungarian-Venetian border in Dalmatia, [[Venetian Dalmatia]] now directly bordered with Ottoman Dalmatia. Venetians still perceived this inner hinterland as once part of Croatia, calling it as "Banadego" (lands of [[Ban (title)|Ban]] i.e. [[Banate (disambiguation)|Banate]]).{{sfn|Ivetic|2022|pp=143}} The Republic of Venice was also one of the powers most hostile to the [[Ottoman Empire#Growth (1453–1683)|Ottoman Empire's expansion]], and participated in [[Ottoman wars in Europe|many wars against it]], but also promoted peace negotiations and cultural and religious coexistence and tolerance.{{sfn|Ivetic|2022|pp=142–144}}

Since the 16th century [[Slavicisation|Slavicized]] [[Vlachs]], [[Serbs]] and other South Slavs arrived both as [[martolos]] in Ottoman service and refugees fleeing from Ottoman territory to the [[Military Frontier]] and Venetian Dalmatia.{{sfn|Ivetic|2022|pp=142}}<ref>Traian Stoianovich; (1992), ''Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe: The First and Last Europe'' p. 152; Routledge, {{ISBN|1563240335}}</ref> As the Ottomans took control of the hinterland, many [[Christians]] took refuge in the coastal cities of Dalmatia. In Ottoman Dalmatia a number of people converted to Islam to attain freedom and privileges.{{sfn|Ivetic|2022|pp=142–143}} The border between the Dalmatian hinterland and the [[Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina]] greatly fluctuated until the [[Morean War]], when the Venetian capture of [[Knin]] and [[Sinj]] set much of the borderline at its near-current position, defined by the 'Linea [[Grimani family|Grimani]]' in the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]] (1699).<ref name="Nazor-2002">{{cite journal|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=45078|language=hr|title=Inhabitants of Poljica in the War of Morea (1684-1699)|journal=Povijesni prilozi|first=Ante|last=Nazor|volume=21|number=21|date=February 2002|publisher=Croatian Institute of History|issn=0351-9767|access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Republic of Venice 1796.png|thumb|right|[[Venetian Dalmatia|Dalmatian possessions]] of the [[Republic of Venice]] in 1797.]]
After the [[Great Turkish War]] and the [[Treaty of Passarowitz]] (1718), which further solidified the Venetian-Ottoman border defined by the 'Linea [[House of Mocenigo|Mocenigo]]' (resembling the modern border between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina), more peaceful times made Dalmatia experience a period of certain economic and cultural growth in the 18th century, with the re-establishment of trade and exchange with the hinterland. This period was abruptly interrupted with the [[fall of the Republic of Venice]] in 1797. [[Napoleon]]'s troops stormed the region and ended the independence of the Republic of Ragusa as well, saving it from occupation by the [[Russian Empire]] and [[Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro|Montenegro]].

In 1805, Napoleon created his [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]] around the Adriatic Sea, annexing to it the former Venetian Dalmatia from Istria to Kotor. In 1808, he annexed the just conquered Republic of Ragusa to the Kingdom. A year later, in 1809, he removed Venetian Dalmatia from his Kingdom of Italy and created the [[Illyrian Provinces]], which were annexed to [[First French Empire|France]], and named [[Marshal General of France|Marshal General]] [[Jean-de-Dieu Soult]] the Duke of Dalmatia.

Napoleon's rule in Dalmatia was marked with war and high taxation, which caused several rebellions. On the other hand, French rule greatly contributed to [[Illyrian movement]] (the first newspaper in Croatian was published then in Zadar, ''[[Il Regio Dalmata – Kraglski Dalmatin]]''), the legal system and infrastructure were finally modernised somewhat in Dalmatia, and the educational system flourished. French rule brought a lot of improvements in infrastructure; many roads were built or reconstructed. Napoleon himself blamed [[Marshal of the Empire]] [[Auguste de Marmont]], the governor of Dalmatia, that too much money was spent. However, in 1813, the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]] once again declared [[Napoleonic Wars|war]] on France and, by the following year, had restored control over Dalmatia.

From the Middle Ages to the 19th century, Italian and Slavic communities in Dalmatia had lived peacefully side by side, as they did not have a genuine national identification, given that they generically defined themselves as "[[Dalmatian identity|Dalmatians]]", of "Romance" or "Slavic" culture.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://xoomer.alice.it/histria/storiaecultura/testiedocumenti/articoligiornali/artadriatico.htm| title = "L'Adriatico orientale e la sterile ricerca delle nazionalità delle persone" di Kristijan Knez; La Voce del Popolo (quotidiano di Fiume) del 2/10/2002 | access-date=25 April 2024|language=it}}</ref>

===19th century===
{{See also|Dalmatian Italians|Italian irredentism in Dalmatia|Kingdom of Dalmatia}}
[[File:1807KingdomItaly.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy]] from 1806 to 1810 included Dalmatia that had belonged to Venice until 1797.]]

At the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815, Dalmatia was granted as a province to the [[Emperor of Austria]]. It was officially known as the [[Kingdom of Dalmatia]].
[[File:1french-empire1811.jpg|thumb|Dalmatia as a part of the [[Illyrian Provinces]] in 1811.]]

In 1848, the [[Croatian Parliament]] (''Sabor'') published the People's Requests, in which they requested among other things the abolition of [[serfdom]] and the unification of Dalmatia and [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Croatia]]. The Dubrovnik municipality was the most outspoken of all the Dalmatian communes in its support for unification with Croatia. A letter was sent from Dubrovnik to [[Zagreb]] with pledges to work for this idea. In 1849, Dubrovnik continued to lead the Dalmatian cities in the struggle for unification. A large-scale campaign was launched in the Dubrovnik paper ''L'Avvenire'' (''The Future'') based on a clearly formulated programme: the federal system for the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg territories]], the inclusion of Dalmatia into Croatia and the [[Yugoslavism|Slavic brotherhood]]. The President of the Council of Kingdom of Dalmatia was Baron [[Vlaho Getaldić]].

In the same year, the first issue of the Dubrovnik [[almanac]] appeared, ''Flower of the National Literature'' (''Dubrovnik, cvijet narodnog književstva''), in which [[Petar Preradović]] published his noted poem "Pjesma Dubrovniku" (''Poem to Dubrovnik''). This and other literary and journalistic texts, which continued to be published, contributed to the awakening of the national consciousness reflected in efforts to introduce the Croatian language into schools and offices, and to promote Croatian books. The Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph]] brought the [[March Constitution (Austria)|March Constitution]] which prohibited the unification of Dalmatia and Croatia and also any further political activity with this end in view. The political struggle of Dubrovnik to be united with Croatia, which was intense throughout 1848–49, did not succeed at that time.

Many [[Dalmatian Italians]] looked with sympathy towards the [[Risorgimento]] movement that fought for the [[unification of Italy]]. However, after 1866, when the [[Veneto]] and [[Friuli]] regions were ceded by the [[Austrian Empire|Austrians]] to the newly formed [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom Italy]], Dalmatia remained part of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], together with other Italian-speaking areas on the eastern Adriatic. This triggered the gradual rise of [[Italian irredentism in Dalmatia|Italian irredentism among many Italians in Dalmatia]], who demanded the unification of the [[Austrian Littoral]], [[Fiume]] and Dalmatia with Italy. The Italians in Dalmatia supported the Italian Risorgimento: as a consequence, the Austrians saw the Italians as enemies and favored the Slav communities of Dalmatia.
[[File:VenetianDalmatia1797.jpg|thumb|right|Austrian linguistic map from 1896. In green the areas where [[Slavs]] were the majority of the population, in orange the areas where [[Istrian Italians]] and [[Dalmatian Italians]] were the majority of the population. The boundaries of [[Venetian Dalmatia]] in 1797 are delimited with blue dots.]]

During the meeting of the Council of Ministers of 12 November 1866, Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]] outlined a wide-ranging project aimed at the [[Germanization]] or [[Slavization]] of the areas of the empire with an Italian presence:<ref>''Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi'', Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971, vol. 2, p. 297. Citazione completa della fonte e traduzione in Luciano Monzali, ''Italiani di Dalmazia. Dal Risorgimento alla Grande Guerra'', Le Lettere, Firenze 2004, p. 69.</ref>

{{blockquote|text=His Majesty expressed the precise order that action be taken decisively against the influence of the Italian elements still present in some regions of the Crown and, appropriately occupying the posts of public, judicial, masters employees as well as with the influence of the press, work in [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol|South Tyrol]], Dalmatia and [[Austrian Littoral|Littoral]] for the Germanization and Slavization of these territories according to the circumstances, with energy and without any regard. His Majesty calls the central offices to the strong duty to proceed in this way to what has been established.|source=Franz Joseph I of Austria, Council of the Crown of 12 November 1866<ref>{{cite book |author=Jürgen Baurmann, Hartmut Gunther and Ulrich Knoop| title=Homo scribens: Perspektiven der Schriftlichkeitsforschung | year= 1993 |isbn= 3484311347|page=279| publisher=Walter de Gruyter |language=de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3tCTXoeAysC&pg=279}}</ref>}}

Dalmatia, especially its maritime cities, once had a substantial local Italian-speaking population ([[Dalmatian Italians]]). According to Austrian censuses, the Italian speakers in Dalmatia formed 12.5% of the population in 1865,<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Peričić|first=Šime|date=2003-09-19|title=O broju Talijana/talijanaša u Dalmaciji XIX. stoljeća|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/12136|journal=Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru|language=hr|issue=45|pages=342|issn=1330-0474}}</ref> but this was reduced to 2.8% in 1910.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omm1910.hu/?/de/datenbank|title=Spezialortsrepertorium der österreichischen Länder I-XII, Wien, 1915–1919|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529164005/http://www.omm1910.hu/?%2Fde%2Fdatenbank|archive-date=2013-05-29|language=de}}</ref> In Dalmatia there was a constant decline in the Italian population, in a context of repression that also took on violent connotations.<ref>{{cite book |author=Raimondo Deranez|url=http://xoomer.alice.it/histria/storiaecultura/testiedocumenti/bombardieritesti/particolari_dalmazia.htm|title=Particolari del martirio della Dalmazia|publisher=Stabilimento Tipografico dell'Ordine|location=Ancona|year=1919|language=it}}</ref>

The Italian population in Dalmatia was concentrated in the major coastal cities. In the city of [[Split, Croatia|Split]] in 1890 there were {{formatnum:1969}} Dalmatian Italians (12.5% of the population), in [[Zadar]] {{formatnum:7423}} (64.6%), in [[Šibenik]] {{formatnum:1018}} (14.5%), in [[Kotor]] {{formatnum:623}} (18.7%) and in [[Dubrovnik]] {{formatnum:331}} (4.6%).<ref>Guerrino Perselli, ''I censimenti della popolazione dell'Istria, con Fiume e Trieste e di alcune città della Dalmazia tra il 1850 e il 1936'', Centro di Ricerche Storiche - Rovigno, Unione Italiana - Fiume, Università Popolare di Trieste, Trieste-Rovigno, 1993</ref> In other Dalmatian localities, according to Austrian censuses, Dalmatian Italians experienced a sudden decrease: in the twenty years 1890-1910, in [[Rab (island)|Rab]] they went from 225 to 151, in [[Vis (island)|Vis]] from 352 to 92, in [[Pag (island)|Pag]] from 787 to 23, completely disappearing in almost all the inland locations.

While Slavic-speakers made up 80-95% of the Dalmatia populace,{{sfn|Peričić|2003|p=342}} only Italian language schools existed until 1848,{{sfn|Peričić|2003|p=350}} and due to restrictive voting laws, the Italian-speaking aristocratic minority retained political control of Dalmatia.{{sfn|Peričić|2003|p=338}}  Only after Austria liberalised elections in 1870, allowing more majority Slavs to vote, did Croatian parties gain control. Croatian finally became an official language in Dalmatia in 1883, along with Italian.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beč kao magnet |url=https://mojahrvatska.vecernji.hr/vijesti/habsburgovci-povijest-hrvatski-jezik-bec-smiljka-malinar-1178499 |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=mojahrvatska.vecernji.hr |language=hr}}</ref> Yet minority Italian-speakers continued to wield strong influence, since Austria favoured Italians for government work, thus in the Austrian capital of Dalmatia, [[Zadar|Zara]], the proportion of Italians continued to grow, making it the only Dalmatian city with an Italian majority.{{sfn|Peričić|2003|p=343}}

In 1861 the meeting of the first Dalmatian Assembly took place, with representatives from Dubrovnik. Representatives of Kotor came to Dubrovnik to join the struggle for unification with Croatia. The citizens of Dubrovnik gave them a festive welcome, flying [[Flag of Croatia|Croatian flags]] from the ramparts and exhibiting the slogan ''Ragusa with Kotor''. The Kotorans elected a delegation to go to [[Vienna]]; Dubrovnik nominated [[Niko Pucić]], who went to Vienna to demand not only the unification of Dalmatia with Croatia, but also the [[Triune Kingdom|unification of all Croatian territories]] under one common ''Sabor''. During this period, the Habsburgs carried out an aggressive [[Anti-Italianism|anti-Italian]] policy through a forced Slavisation of the region.<ref>{{cite book|title= La campagna del 1866 nei documenti militari austriaci: operazioni terrestri|publisher= [[University of Padova]] |author= Angelo Filipuzzi|page=396|year=1966|language=it}}{{No ISBN}}</ref>

===20th century===
{{See also|Marjane, Marjane|Yugoslav People's Liberation War|SFR Yugoslavia|Governorate of Dalmatia|Operation Coast-91|Istrian-Dalmatian exodus}}
[[File:Promised Borders of the Tready of London.png|thumb|left|Territories promised to Italy by the 
[[London Pact]] (1915), i.e. [[Trentino-Alto Adige]], the [[Julian March]] and [[Dalmatia]] (tan), and the [[Snežnik (plateau)|Snežnik Plateau]] area (green). Dalmatia, after the WWI, however, was not assigned to Italy but to [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].]]

In 1905, a dispute arose in the [[Imperial Council (Austria)|Austrian Imperial Council]] over whether Austria should pay for Dalmatia. It has been argued that in the conclusion of the [[April Laws]] is written "given by Banus Count [[Keglević family|Keglevich]] of [[Bužim]]", which explained the historical affiliation of Dalmatia to [[Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1918)|Hungary]].<ref>Stenographische Protokolle über die Sitzungen des Hauses der Abgeordneten des österreichischen Reichsrates, Ausgaben 318-329, [https://books.google.com/books?ei=R2vYT6XNK8vP4QTwtdilAw&hl=de&id=AlAyAQAAMAAJ&dq=Keglevich Seite 29187], Austria, Reichsrat, Abgeordnetenhaus, published 1905.</ref> Two years later Dalmatia elected representatives to the Austrian Imperial Council.

Until 1909, both [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Croatian language|Croatian]] were recognized as official languages in Dalmatia. After 1909, Italian lost its official status, thus it could no longer be used in the public and administrative sphere.<ref>{{Citation|year=1970|title=Dalmazia|encyclopedia=Dizionario enciclopedico italiano|volume=III|page=730|publisher=[[Treccani]]|language=it|quote=Nel 1909 l'uso della lingua italiana viene proibito negli uffici dello Stato.|trans-quote=In 1909 the use of the Italian language was prohibited in the offices of the State}}</ref>

Dalmatia was a strategic region during [[World War I]] that both [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] and [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] intended to seize from [[Austria-Hungary]]. Italy joined the [[Triple Entente]] [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] in 1915 upon agreeing to the [[Treaty of London (1915)|Treaty of London]] that guaranteed Italy the right to annex a large portion of Dalmatia in exchange for Italy's participation on the Allied side. From 5–6 November 1918, Italian forces were reported to have reached [[Vis (island)|Vis]], [[Lastovo]], Šibenik, and other localities on the Dalmatian coast.<ref>Giuseppe Praga, Franco Luxardo. ''History of Dalmatia''. Giardini, 1993. Pp. 281.</ref> By the end of hostilities in November 1918, the Italian military had [[Occupation of the eastern Adriatic|seized control of the entire portion of Dalmatia]] that had been guaranteed to Italy by the Treaty of London and by 17 November had seized Rijeka as well creating the first [[Governorate of Dalmatia]].<ref name="Paul O 2005. Pp. 17">Paul O'Brien. ''Mussolini in the First World War: the Journalist, the Soldier, the Fascist''. Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Berg, 2005. Pp. 17.</ref> In 1918, Admiral [[Enrico Millo]] declared himself Italy's Governor of Dalmatia.<ref name="Paul O 2005. Pp. 17"/> Famous [[Italian nationalism|Italian nationalist]] [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] supported the seizure of Dalmatia, and proceeded to Zadar in an Italian warship in December 1918.<ref>A. Rossi. ''The Rise of Italian Fascism: 1918–1922''. New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2010. Pp. 47.</ref> However, in spite of the guarantees of the Treaty of London to Italy of a large portion of Dalmatia and Italian military occupation of claimed territories of Dalmatia, during the peace settlement negotiations of 1919 to 1920, the [[Fourteen Points]] of [[Woodrow Wilson]] that advocated self-determination of nations took precedence, with Italy only being permitted to annex Zadar from Dalmatia, while the rest of Dalmatia was to be part of [[Yugoslavia]].
[[File:Enrico Millo circa 1915 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Enrico Millo]], the first governor of the first Italian [[Governatorate of Dalmatia]] (1918–1920)]]

At the end of World War I, the Austrian Empire disintegrated, and Dalmatia was again split between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]) which controlled most of it, and the Kingdom of Italy which held small portions of northern Dalmatia around Zadar and the islands of [[Cres]], [[Lošinj]], and Lastovo. Italy entered World War I in a territorial gamble, mostly to gain Dalmatia. But Italy got only a small part of its pretensions, so Dalmatia mostly stayed Yugoslav.

Despite the fact that there were only a few thousand [[Dalmatian Italians|Italian-speakers in Dalmatia]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hehn |first=Paul N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOALhEZkYDkC&dq=%22signed+a+treaty+on+November+12,+1920,+at+Rapallo&pg=PA45 |title=A Low, Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe and the Economic Origins of World War II |date=2005-09-26 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-8264-1761-9 |language=en}}</ref> after the constant decrease that occurred in previous decades, [[Italian irredentism|Italian irredentists]] continued to lay claim to all of Dalmatia. In 1927 Italy signed an agreement with the Croatian fascist, terrorist [[Ustaše]] organization. The [[Ustaše|Ustaše agreed]] that once they gained power, they will cede to Italy additional territory in Dalmatia and the Bay of Kotor, while renouncing all Croatian claims to Istria, Rijeka, Zadar and the Adriatic Islands.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2002|p=30–31}}
[[File:GovernateOfDalmatia1941 43.png|thumb|right|Map of the second Italian [[Governatorate of Dalmatia]] (1941–1943) showing the [[province of Zara]], the [[province of Spalato]] and the [[province of Cattaro]].]]
[[File:Podgora Kroatien 3.JPG|thumb|The ''Seagull Wings'' monument in [[Podgora, Split-Dalmatia County|Podgora]], dedicated to the fallen sailors of the [[Yugoslav Partisans#Partisan Navy|Yugoslav Partisan Navy]]]]

In 1922, the territory of the former Kingdom of Dalmatia was divided into two provinces, the Oblast of Split and the Oblast of Dubrovnik. In 1929, the [[Littoral Banovina]], a province of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, was formed. Its capital was Split, and it included most of Dalmatia and parts of present-day [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. The southern parts of Dalmatia were in [[Zeta Banovina]], from the Bay of Kotor to [[Pelješac]] peninsula including Dubrovnik. In 1939, Littoral Banovina was joined with [[Sava Banovina]] (and with smaller parts of other banovinas) to form a new province named the [[Banovina of Croatia]]. The same year, the ethnic Croatian areas of the Zeta Banovina from the Bay of Kotor to Pelješac, including Dubrovnik, were merged with a new Banovina of Croatia.

During [[World War II in Yugoslavia|World War II]], in 1941, [[Nazi Germany]], [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]], [[Hungary in World War II|Hungary]], and [[Bulgaria during World War II|Bulgaria]] occupied Yugoslavia, redrawing their borders to include former parts of the Yugoslavian state. A new [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[List of World War II puppet states|puppet state]], the [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH), was created. With the [[Treaties of rome|Treaties of Rome]], the NDH agreed to cede to Italy Dalmatian territory, creating the second [[Governorate of Dalmatia]], from north of Zadar to south of Split, with inland areas, plus nearly all the Adriatic islands and [[Gorski Kotar]]. Italy then annexed these territories, while all the remainder of southern Croatia, including the entire coast, were placed under Italian occupation. Italy also appointed an Italian, [[Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta]], as king of Croatia.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2002|p=238}}

Italy proceeded to Italianize the annexed areas of Dalmatia.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2002|pp=132–133}} Place names were Italianized, and Italian was made the official language in all schools, churches and government administration.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2002|pp=132–133}} All Croatian cultural societies were banned, while Italians took control of all key mineral, industrial and business establishments.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2002|pp=132–133}} Italian policies prompted resistance by Dalmatians, many joined the Partisans.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2002|pp=133–134}} This led to further Italian repressive measures - shooting of civilian hostages, burning of villages, confiscation of properties. Italians took many civilians to concentration camps{{sfn|Tomasevich|2002|pp=133–134}} - altogether, some 80,000 Dalmatians, 12% of the population, passed through Italian concentration camps.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dizdar |first=Zdravko |date=2005-12-15 |title=Italian Policies Toward Croatians In Occupied Territories During The Second World War |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/35407 |journal=Review of Croatian History |language=en |volume=I |issue=1 |page=207 |issn=1845-4380}}</ref>

Many Croats moved from the Italian-occupied area and took refuge in the satellite state of Croatia, which became the battleground for a guerrilla war between the [[Axis powers|Axis]] and the [[Yugoslav Partisans]]. Following the [[Armistice of Cassibile|surrender of Italy]] in 1943, much of Italian-controlled Dalmatia was liberated by the Partisans, then [[Italian Social Republic|taken over by German forces]] in a brutal campaign, who then returned control to the puppet Independent State of Croatia. [[Vis (island)|Vis Island]] remained in Partisan hands, while Zadar, Rijeka, Istria, Cres, Lošinj, Lastovo and Palagruža became part of the German ''[[Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral|Operationszone Adriatisches Küstenland]].'' The Partisans took Dalmatia in 1944, and with that Zadar, Rijeka, Istria, Cres, Lošinj, Lastovo and Palagruža became reunited with Croatia. After 1945, most of the remaining [[Dalmatian Italians]] fled the region (350,000 Italians escaped from [[Istria]] and Dalmatia in the [[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]]). After World War II, Dalmatia became part of the [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|People's Republic of Croatia]], part of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Federative People's Republic of Yugoslavia]].

The territory of the former Kingdom of Dalmatia was divided between two [[federal republic]]s of Yugoslavia and most of the territory went to Croatia, leaving only the Bay of Kotor to [[Socialist Republic of Montenegro|Montenegro]]. When [[Breakup of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia dissolved]] in 1991, those borders were retained and remain in force. During the [[Croatian War of Independence]], most of Dalmatia was a battleground between the [[Government of Croatia]] and the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] (JNA), which aided the [[proto-state]] of [[Republic of Serbian Krajina|Serbian Krajina]], with much of the [[SAO Krajina|northern part of the region around Knin]] and the far south around, but not including, [[Dubrovnik Republic (1991)|Dubrovnik being placed under the control of Serb forces]]. Croatia did regain the southern territories in 1992 but did not regain the north until [[Operation Storm]] in 1995. After the war, a number of towns and municipalities in the region were designated [[Areas of Special State Concern]].