Editing Cyberspace (section)

===Recent definitions of Cyberspace===

Although several definitions of cyberspace can be found both in scientific literature and in official governmental sources, there is no fully agreed official definition yet. According to F. D. Kramer ,there are 28 different definitions of the term ''cyberspace''.<ref name=CNS_1>{{cite web| title=Cyberpower and National Security| author1=Kramer, F.D.| author2=Starr, S.H.| author3=Wentz, L.K.| url=https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Publications/Article/1216674/cyberpower-and-national-security| publisher=[[National Defense University Press]]| date=1 April 2009| access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref><ref name=IP_1>{{cite web| title=International Politics in the Digital Age: Power Diffusion or Power Concentration| author1=Mayer, M.| author2=De Scalzi, N.| author3=Martino, L.| author4=Chiarugi, I.| url=https://www.academia.edu/14336129| publisher=[[Academia]]| access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref>

The most recent draft definition is the following:

{{blockquote|Cyberspace is a global and dynamic domain (subject to constant change) characterized by the combined use of electrons and the electromagnetic spectrum, whose purpose is to create, store, modify, exchange, share, and extract, use, eliminate information and disrupt physical resources.  Cyberspace includes: a) physical infrastructures and telecommunications devices that allow for the connection of technological and communication system networks, understood in the broadest sense (SCADA devices, smartphones/tablets, computers, servers, etc.); b) computer systems (see point a) and the related (sometimes embedded) software that guarantee the domain's basic operational functioning and connectivity; c) networks between computer systems; d) networks of networks that connect computer systems (the distinction between networks and networks of networks is mainly organizational); e) the access nodes of users and intermediaries routing nodes; f) constituent data (or resident data).  Often, in common parlance (and sometimes in commercial language), networks of networks are called the Internet (with a lowercase i), while networks between computers are called intranet.  Internet (with a capital I, in journalistic language sometimes called the Net) can be considered a part of the system a).  A distinctive and constitutive feature of cyberspace is that no central entity exercises control over all the networks that make up this new domain.<ref>Definition by Marco Mayer, Luigi Martino, Pablo Mazurier and Gergana Tzvetkova, Draft Pisa, 19 May 2014 https://www.academia.edu/7096442/How_would_you_define_Cyberspace {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620173827/http://www.academia.edu/7096442/How_would_you_define_Cyberspace |date=2017-06-20 }}</ref>
 
Just as in the real world there is no world government, cyberspace lacks an institutionally predefined hierarchical center.  To cyberspace, a domain without a hierarchical ordering principle, we can, therefore, extend the definition of international politics coined by Kenneth Waltz: as being "with no system of law enforceable."  This does not mean that the dimension of power in cyberspace is absent, nor that power is dispersed and scattered into a thousand invisible streams, nor that it is evenly spread across myriad people and organizations, as some scholars had predicted.  On the contrary, cyberspace is characterized by a precise structuring of hierarchies of power.<ref>The most recent analysis of the interaction of Cyberspace and International politics has been investigated in the MIT, Harvard and CFR ECIR project (Explorations in Cyber International Relations http://ecir.mit.edu/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904123841/http://ecir.mit.edu/ |date=2014-09-04 }}).  ECIR Principal Investigator is Nazli Choucri [https://web.archive.org/web/20120928082740/http://web.mit.edu/polisci/people/faculty/nazli-choucri.html]</ref>}}

The [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] of the [[United States Department of Defense]] define cyberspace as one of five interdependent domains, the remaining four being land, air, maritime, and space.<ref name=JP3-12>{{cite web |url=http://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp3_12R.pdf |title=DoD Joint Publication 3-12(R) Cyberspace Operations (5 February 2013) |access-date=2018-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127164919/http://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp3_12R.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''See [[United States Cyber Command]]''