Editing Cross-country skiing (section)

===Terminology===
[[File:NansenJohansen.jpg|thumb|right|Arctic travelers, [[Fridtjov Nansen]] and [[Hjalmar Johansen]] at the camp of [[Frederick George Jackson|Frederick Jackson]] on [[Northbrook Island]] in 1896.]]
The word ''ski'' comes from the [[Old Norse]] word {{lang|non|skíð}} which means "cleft wood", "stick of wood" or "ski".<ref>Caprona, Yann de: ''Norsk etymologisk ordbok''. Oslo: Kagge forlag, 2014. {{ISBN|9788248910541}}.</ref> Norwegian language does not use a verb-form equivalent in idiomatic speech, unlike English "to ski".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sprakradet.no/Vi-og-vart/Publikasjoner/Spraaknytt/Arkivet/spraknytt-2013/Spraknytt-12013/Spraknytt-40-ar/|title=Språknytt 40 år (1973–2013)|website=Språkrådet|language=no|access-date=2018-08-29|archive-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229205338/https://www.sprakradet.no/Vi-og-vart/Publikasjoner/Spraaknytt/Arkivet/spraknytt-2013/Spraknytt-12013/Spraknytt-40-ar/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">Bleken, Brynjulv (1973). ''Riksmål og moderat bokmål: en sammenlignende oversikt.'' Oslo: Aschehoug. {{ISBN|8203053025}}.</ref> In modern [[Bokmål|Norwegian]], a variety of terms refer to cross-country skiing, including:<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nob-ordbok.uio.no |title= Nynorskordboka og Bokmålsordboka |publisher= Språkrådet (Language Council of Norway) and University of Oslo |type= database search |access-date= 2014-10-14 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140921001329/http://www.nob-ordbok.uio.no/ |archive-date= 21 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Follestad |first= Sverre |title= Engelske idiomer. Ord og vendinger fra norsk til engelsk |location= Oslo |publisher= Kunnskapsforlaget |year= 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Kirkeby |first= Willy A. |title= English-Norwegian Dictionary |location= Oslo |publisher= Universitetsforlaget |year= 1998}}</ref>

* {{lang|no|gå på ski}} (literally "walk on skis")—a general term for self-propelled skiing
* {{lang|no|turgåing på ski}} (literally "hiking on skis")—refers to ski touring as recreation
* {{lang|no|langrenn}} (literally "long race")—refers to cross-country ski racing

In contrast, alpine skiing is referred to as {{lang|no|stå på ski}} (literally "stand on skis").

[[Fridtjof Nansen]], describes the crossing of Greenland as {{lang|no|På ski over Grønland}}, literally "On skis across Greenland",<ref>{{cite book |last= Nansen |first= Fridtjof |title= Paa ski over Grønland. En skildring af Den norske Grønlands-ekspedition 1888–89 |location= Kristiania |publisher= Aschehoug}}</ref> while the English edition of the report was titled, ''The first crossing of Greenland''. Nansen referred to the activity of traversing snow on skis as {{langx|no|skilöbning}} (he used the term also in the English translation), which may be translated as ''ski running''. Nansen used {{lang|no|skilöbning}}, regarding all forms of skiing, but noted that ski jumping is purely a competitive sport and not for amateurs. He further noted that in some competitions the skier "is also required to show his skill in turning his ski to one side or the other within given marks" at full speed on a steep hill. Nansen regarded these forms (i.e., jumping and slalom) as "special arts", and believed that the most important branch of skiing was travel "in an ordinary way across the country".<ref>{{cite book |last= Nansen |first= Fridtjof |title= The first crossing of Greenland |url= https://archive.org/details/firstcrossingofg02nans |location= London |publisher= Longmans, Green and Co. |year= 1890}}</ref> In Germany, Nansen's Greenland report was published as {{lang|de|Auf Schneeschuhen durch Grönland}} (literally "On snowshoes through Greenland").<ref>{{cite book |last= Nansen |first= Fridtjov |title= Auf Schneeschuhen durch Grönland |publisher= autorisirte deutsche Uebersetzung von M. Mann |location= Hamburg |year= 1891}}</ref> The German term, {{lang|de|Schneeschuh}}, was supplanted by the borrowed Norwegian word, {{lang|de|Ski}}, in the late 19th century.<ref name=Vaage/> The Norwegian encyclopedia of sports also uses the term, {{lang|no|skiløping}}, (literally "ski running") for all forms of skiing.<ref name=Idrettsleksikon/> Around 1900 the word {{lang|de|Skilaufen}} was used in German in the same sense as {{langx|no|skiløping}}.<ref name=Vaage>{{cite book |last= Vaage |first= Jacob |title= Norske ski erobrer verden |location= Oslo |publisher= Gyldendal |year= 1952}}</ref>