Editing Crimes against humanity (section)

==Types of crimes against humanity==
The definition of a crime against humanity varies both between and within countries and it also varies on both the international and domestic levels. Isolated and inhumane acts of a certain nature which are not committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack may constitute grave infringements of [[human rights]], or –&nbsp;depending on the circumstances&nbsp;– [[war crimes]] but they are not classified as crimes against humanity.<ref name="Horton2">As quoted by Guy Horton in ''[http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/Horton-2005.pdf Dying Alive – A Legal Assessment of Human Rights Violations in Burma]'' April 2005, co-Funded by The Netherlands Ministry for Development Co-Operation. See section "12.52 Crimes against humanity", p. 201. He references RSICC/C, Vol. 1 p. 360</ref>

According to the [[Rome Statute]], there are eleven types of crimes that can be charged as crimes against humanity when they are "committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any [[civilian]] population":<ref name=un/><ref>[https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf Rome Statute] article 7</ref>
{{Ordered list
| list_style_type = lower-alpha|Murder;|[[Extermination (crime)|Extermination]] [including "the intentional infliction of conditions of life, inter alia the deprivation of access to food and medicine, calculated to bring about the destruction of part of a population"];|[[Enslavement]];|Deportation or [[forcible transfer of population]];|Imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty in violation of fundamental rules of international law;|[[Torture]];|Rape, [[sexual slavery]], [[enforced prostitution]], [[forced pregnancy]], [[enforced sterilization]], or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity;|[[Persecution]] against any identifiable group or collectivity on political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender as defined in paragraph 3, or other grounds that are universally recognized as impermissible under international law, in connection with any act referred to in this paragraph or any crime within the jurisdiction of the Court;|[[Enforced disappearance]] of persons;|The [[crime of apartheid]];|Other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health.
}}
===Apartheid===
{{Main article|Crime of apartheid}}

The systematic [[persecution]] of members of one racial group by members of another racial group, such as the persecution which was practiced by the [[South Africa]]n [[apartheid]] government, was recognized as a crime against humanity by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in 1976.<ref>[http://www.anc.org.za/un/uncrime.htm International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011235327/http://www.anc.org.za/un/uncrime.htm |date=October 11, 2009 }} adopted and opened for signature, ratification by General Assembly resolution 3068 (XXVIII) of 30 November 1973. It entered into force 18 July 1976, in accordance with article X (10)</ref> The [[Charter of the United Nations]], Articles 13, 14, 15 makes actions of the General Assembly advisory to the Security Council.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417093634/http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/index.html|url-status=dead|title=Charter of the United Nations|archivedate=April 17, 2009}}</ref> In regard to apartheid in particular, the UN General Assembly has not made any findings, nor have apartheid-related trials for crimes against humanity been conducted.
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/6412/Israel-destroys-all-basic-conditions-for-life-in-northern-Gaza,-targets-residents,-forcing-another-round-of-displacement | title=Israel destroys all basic conditions for life in northern Gaza, targets residents, forcing another round of displacement }}</ref>

===Rape and sexual violence===
The Nuremberg and Tokyo Charters did not contain any explicit provisions which recognized sexual and gender-based crimes as war crimes or crimes against humanity, but Control Council Law No. 10 recognized [[rape]] as a crime against humanity. The statutes of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda both included rape as a crime against humanity. The ICC is the first international court which expressly includes various forms of sexual and gender-based crimes{{snd}}including rape, [[sexual slavery]], enforced [[prostitution]], forced pregnancy, [[Compulsory sterilization|enforced sterilisation]], and other forms of [[sexual violence]]{{snd}}as both an underlying act of crimes against humanity and a war crime which is committed during international and/or non-international armed conflicts.<ref>[http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/otp/OTP-Policy-Paper-on-Sexual-and-Gender-Based-Crimes--June-2014.pdf "ICC Prosecutor's Policy Paper on Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes"] June 2014</ref>

In 2008, the [[U.N. Security Council]] adopted [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1820|resolution 1820]], which noted that "rape and other forms of sexual violence can constitute war crimes, crimes against humanity or a constitutive act with respect to genocide".<ref name="Un.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/sc9364.doc.htm |title=Security Council Demands Immediate and Coomplete Halt to Acts of Sexual Violence Against Civilians in Combat Zones, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 1820 (2008) |publisher=Un.org |access-date=2013-02-01}}</ref>