Editing Crimean War (section)

===Immediate causes of war===
[[File:Napoleon3.PNG|thumb|upright|French Emperor [[Napoleon III]]]]

French Emperor [[Napoleon III]]'s ambition to restore France's grandeur<ref>{{Cite book |title=Revolutionary situations in Europe, 1917–1922 : Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary = Situations revolutionnaires en Europe, 1917–1922 : Allemagne, Italie, Autriche-Hongrie : proceedings &#91;of the&#93; 2nd International Colloquium &#91;held&#93; March 25, 26, 27, 1976 |publisher=Interuniversity Centre for European Studies |year=1977 |editor-last=Bertrand |editor-first=Charles L. |location=Montreal |pages=201–233 |oclc=21705514}}</ref> initiated the immediate chain of events that led to France and Britain declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854, respectively. He pursued [[Catholic]] support by asserting France's "sovereign authority" over the Christian population of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]],{{sfn|Royle|2000|p=19}} to the detriment of Russia{{sfn|Figes|2010|p=103}} (the sponsor of [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Orthodoxy]]). To achieve that, he in May 1851 appointed [[Charles, marquis de La Valette]], a zealous leading member of the Catholic clericalists, as his ambassador to the [[Sublime Porte]] of the Ottoman Empire.{{sfn|Figes|2010|pp=7–9}}

Russia disputed that attempted change in authority. Referring to two previous treaties (one from 1757 and the [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] from 1774), the Ottomans reversed their earlier decision, renounced the French treaty and declared that Russia was the protector of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]] in the Ottoman Empire.

Napoleon III responded with a show of force by sending the [[ship of the line]] ''[[French ship Charlemagne (1851)|Charlemagne]]'' to the Black Sea and thereby violated the London Straits Convention.{{sfn|Figes|2010|p=104}}{{sfn|Royle|2000|p=19}} The [[gunboat diplomacy]] show of force, together with money{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}, induced Ottoman Sultan [[Abdülmecid I]] to accept a new treaty confirming France and the Catholic Church's supreme authority over Christian holy places, including the [[Church of the Nativity]], which had been held by the [[Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem|Greek Orthodox Church]].{{sfn|Royle|2000|p=20}}

Tsar [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] then deployed his 4th and 5th Army Corps along the River [[Danube]] in Wallachia, as a direct threat to the Ottoman lands south of the river. He had Foreign Minister Count [[Karl Nesselrode]] undertake talks with the Ottomans. Nesselrode confided to Seymour:

{{blockquote|''[The dispute over the holy places]'' had assumed a new character—that the acts of injustice towards the Greek church which it had been desired to prevent had been perpetrated and consequently that now the object must be to find a remedy for these wrongs. The success of French negotiations at Constantinople was to be ascribed solely to intrigue and violence—violence which had been supposed to be the [[ultima ratio]] of kings, being, it had been seen, the means which the present ruler of France was in the habit of employing in the first instance.{{sfn|Royle|2000|p=21}} }}
[[File:Count Nesselrode.jpg|thumb|upright|For forty years (1816–56) [[Karl Nesselrode]] as foreign minister guided Russian policy]]
The agreement referred to by the French was in 1740.{{sfn|Royle|2000|p=18}} At present most historians (except for the new Russian Orthodox nationalists) accept that the question of the holy places was no more than a pretext for the Crimean War.{{sfn|Badem|2010|p=65}} As conflict emerged over the issue of the holy places, Nicholas I and Nesselrode began a diplomatic offensive, which they hoped would prevent either British or French interference in any conflict between Russia and the Ottomans and prevent both from forming an anti-Russian alliance.

Nicholas began courting Britain by means of conversations with Seymour in January and February 1853.{{sfn|Figes|2010|p=105}} Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand the Russian Empire{{sfn|Figes|2010|p=105}} but that he had an obligation to the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire.{{sfn|Figes|2010|p=105}}
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He next dispatched a highly-abrasive diplomat, [[Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov|Prince Menshikov]], on a special mission to the Ottoman Sublime Porte in February 1853. By previous treaties, the sultan had committed "to protect the (Eastern Orthodox) Christian religion and its churches". Menshikov demanded a Russian protectorate over all 12&nbsp;million Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire with control of the Orthodox Church's hierarchy. A compromise was reached regarding Orthodox access to the Holy Land, but the Sultan, strongly supported by the British ambassador, [[Stratford Canning, 1st Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe]], rejected the most sweeping demands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jelavich |first=Barbara |title=Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 1806–1914 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-52250-2 |pages=118–122 |author-link=Barbara Jelavich}}</ref>

Russian historian Vinogradov V.N. point out that Menshikov's demands did not go beyond the limits of previous treaties. "The agreement was reached on the administration of church rites of both clergy in respected temples and, secondly, that the tsar rejected the idea of expanding his right of patronage and, in fact, insisted on confirming the terms of the Kucuk-Kaynardzhiy treaty of 1774, which allowed giving advice to the Sultan, but did not oblige them to accept".<ref name="Vinogradov"/>

"By the early 1850s Stratford Canning had become far more than an ambassador or adviser to the Porte. The 'Great Elchi', or Great Ambassador, as he was known in Constantinople, had a direct influence on the policies of the Turkish government. (...) His presence was a source of deep resentment among the Sultan's ministers, who lived in terror of a personal visit from the dictatorial ambassador".{{sfn|Figes|2010|p=64}}

Nicholas fumed at "the infernal dictatorship of this Redcliffe" whose name and political ascendancy at the Porte personified for him the whole Eastern Question,<ref>Lord Kinross The Ottoman Centuries</ref> The British and the French sent in naval task forces to support the Ottomans, as Russia had prepared to seize the [[Danubian Principalities]].{{sfn|Figes|2010|pp=111–115}}

All the calculations of the Russian emperor turned out to be erroneous. Britain refused his proposals, it was not possible to prevent the Anglo-French rapprochement, Austria opposed his policy, the Ottoman Empire showed intransigence. On the contrary, a favourable situation was developing for Britain. Britain had great naval power and a powerful economy, but did not have a strong land army. The alliance with France, which had a strong land army, made it possible to strike at Russia. "With the help of French infantry, it was possible to overturn Russia's positions with one blow"<ref>V. N. Vinogradov (2006). "Lord Palmerston in European diplomacy". New and Recent History [ru] (in Russian) (5): 182–209.</ref>