Editing Cremation (section)

===Reintroduction===
[[File:Woking crematorium 1878.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Woking Crematorium]], built in 1878 as the first facility in England after a long campaign led by the [[Cremation Society of Great Britain]].]]
In Europe, a movement to reintroduce cremation as a viable method for body disposal began in the 1870s. This was made possible by the invention of new furnace technology and contact with eastern cultures that practiced it.<ref name="arch-review">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/typology/typology-crematorium/10014547.article|magazine=Architectural Review|date=14 November 2016|access-date=11 October 2019|title=Typology: Crematorium}}</ref> At the time, many proponents believed in the [[miasma theory]], and that cremation would reduce the "bad air" that caused diseases.<ref>"USA." Encyclopedia of Cremation. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, 2005. Credo Reference. Web. 17 September 2012.</ref> These movements were associated with [[secularism]] and gained a following in cultural and intellectual circles.<ref name="arch-review"/> In Italy, the movement was associated with [[anti-clericalism]] and [[Freemasonry]], whereas these were not major themes of the movement in Britain.<ref name="guardian-15"/>

In 1869, the idea was presented to the Medical International Congress of Florence by Professors Coletti and Castiglioni "in the name of public health and civilization". In 1873, Professor [[Paolo Gorini]] of [[Lodi, Lombardy|Lodi]] and Professor Ludovico Brunetti of [[Padua]] published reports of practical work they had conducted.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_b2kPAAAAYAAJ |title=A Quartercentury of Cremation in North America |first=John Storer |last=Cobb |publisher=Knight and Millet |year=1901 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_b2kPAAAAYAAJ/page/n158 150]}}</ref> A model of Brunetti's cremating apparatus, together with the resulting ashes, was exhibited at the [[Vienna Exposition]] in 1873 and attracted great attention<ref name=introduction/> Meanwhile, Sir [[Charles William Siemens]] had developed his [[open hearth furnace|regenerative furnace]] in the 1850s. His furnace operated at a high temperature by using [[Air preheater|regenerative preheating]] of fuel and air for [[combustion]]. In regenerative preheating, the exhaust gases from the furnace are pumped into a chamber containing bricks, where heat is transferred from the gases to the bricks. The flow of the furnace is then reversed so that fuel and air pass through the chamber and are heated by the bricks. Through this method, an open-hearth furnace can reach temperatures high enough to melt steel, and this process made cremation an efficient and practical proposal. Charles's nephew, [[Carl Friedrich von Siemens]] perfected the use of this furnace for the incineration of organic material at his factory in [[Dresden]]. The radical politician, Sir [[Charles Wentworth Dilke]], took the corpse of his dead wife there to be cremated in 1874. The efficient and cheap process brought about the quick and complete incineration of the body and was a fundamental technical breakthrough that finally made industrial cremation a practical possibility.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMOuJm345vsC|title=Between Mass Death And Individual Loss: The Place of the Dead in Twentieth-Century Germany|author1=Alon Confino |author2=Paul Betts |author3=Dirk Schumann |year=2013|publisher=Berghahn Books|page=94|isbn=9780857453846}}</ref>

The first crematorium in the Western World opened in [[Milan]] in 1876. Milan's "Crematorium Temple" was built in the [[Cimitero Monumentale di Milano|Monumental Cemetery]]. The building still stands but ceased to be operational in 1992.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307799131|last1=Boi |first1=Annalisa |last2=Celsi |first2=Valeria |journal= In_Bo. Ricerche e Progetti per Il Territorio|title=The Crematorium Temple in the Monumental Cemetery in Milan |volume=6 |issue=8 |doi=10.6092/issn.2036-1602/6076  |year=2015 }}</ref><ref name="eoc-arch">Encyclopedia of Cremation by Lewis H. Mates (p. 21-23)</ref>

[[File:William Price the Druid.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The trial of [[William Price (physician)|William Price]] confirmed that cremation was legal in the United Kingdom. He was himself cremated after his death in 1893.]]
[[Sir Henry Thompson, 1st Baronet]], a surgeon and [[Physician to the Queen]] [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]], had seen Gorini's cremator at the Vienna Exhibition and had returned home to become the first and chief promoter of cremation in England.<ref name=introduction>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srgw.demon.co.uk/CremSoc/History/HistSocy.html|at=Introduction|title=History of Modern Cremation in Great Britain from 1874: The First Hundred Years|work=The Cremation Society of Great Britain|year=1974|access-date=2 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803051500/http://www.srgw.demon.co.uk/CremSoc/History/HistSocy.html|archive-date=3 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> His main reason for supporting cremation was that "it was becoming a necessary sanitary precaution against the propagation of disease among a population daily growing larger in relation to the area it occupied". In addition, he believed, cremation would prevent premature burial, reduce the expense of funerals, spare mourners the necessity of standing exposed to the weather during interment, and urns would be safe from vandalism.<ref name=introduction /> He joined with other proponents to form the ''[[Cremation Society of Great Britain]]'' in 1874."<ref name=introduction /> They founded [[Woking Crematorium|the United Kingdom's first crematorium]] in [[Woking]],<ref name=Directorys>{{Cite web |url= http://www.remembranceonline.co.uk/mtree/burial-and-cremation/crematoria/woking-crematorium |title= Woking Crematorium |work= Internet |publisher= remembranceonline |access-date= 28 November 2010 |archive-date= 4 October 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091004192153/http://www.remembranceonline.co.uk/mtree/burial-and-cremation/crematoria/woking-crematorium |url-status= dead }}</ref> with Gorini travelling to England to assist the installation of a cremator. They first tested it on 17 March 1879 with the body of a horse. After protests and an intervention by the [[Home Secretary]], [[R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross|Sir Richard Cross]], their plans were put on hold. In 1884, the Welsh [[Neo-Druidism|Neo-Druidic]] priest [[William Price (physician)|William Price]] was arrested and put on trial for attempting to cremate his son's body.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/09/15/1032054710047.html?oneclick=true| title = Druid doc with a bee in his bonnet| access-date = 3 February 2007| first = Tim| last = Harris| work = theage.com.au| date = 16 September 2002| location=Melbourne}}</ref> Price successfully argued in court that while the law did not state that cremation was legal, it also did not state that it was illegal. The case set a [[precedent]] that allowed the Cremation Society to proceed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webapps.rhondda-cynon-taff.gov.uk/heritagetrail/english/taf/drwilliamprice.html|title=Doctor William Price|publisher=Rhondda Cynon Taf Library Service|access-date=1 June 2012|archive-date=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818052233/http://webapps.rhondda-cynon-taff.gov.uk/heritagetrail/english/taf/drwilliamprice.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1885, the first official cremation in the United Kingdom took place in Woking. The deceased was [[Jeanette Pickersgill]], a well-known figure in literary and scientific circles.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/this_day_in_history/this_day_March_26.php| author = The History Channel| title = 26 March – This day in history| access-date = 20 February 2007| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061230204229/http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/this_day_in_history/this_day_March_26.php| archive-date = 30 December 2006| df = dmy-all}}</ref> By the end of the year, the Cremation Society of Great Britain had overseen 2 more cremations, a total of 3 out of 597,357 deaths in the UK that year.<ref name="Directorys"/> In 1888, 28 cremations took place at the venue. In 1891, Woking Crematorium added a chapel, pioneering the concept of a crematorium being a venue for funerals as well as cremation.<ref name="eoc-arch"/>

[[File:Cremation advertisement 1889.jpg|thumb|right|Advertisement for woollen envelopes to wrap the body in for cremation, appearing in the ''Undertaker's Journal'', 1889.]]
Other early crematoria in Europe were built in 1878 in the town of [[Gotha (town)|Gotha]] in Germany and later in [[Heidelberg]] in 1891. The first modern crematory in the U.S. was built in 1876 by [[Francis Julius LeMoyne]] after hearing about its use in Europe. Like many early proponents, he was motivated by a belief it would be beneficial for public health.<ref>{{cite web |title=The LeMoyne Crematory |url=http://www.acremation.com/First_Crematory_Built_in_the_United_States |access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= An Unceremonious Rite; Cremation of Mrs. Ben Pitman |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1878/02/16/80675922.pdf |work= [[The New York Times]]|date= 16 February 1879|access-date=7 March 2009 }}
</ref> Before LeMoyne's crematory closed in 1901, it had performed 42 cremations.<ref name="Sanburn, Josh 2013">Sanburn, Josh. "The New American Way of Death." Time 181.24 (2013): 30. Academic Search Premier. Web. 16 September 2013.</ref> Other countries that opened their first crematorium included Sweden (1887 in Stockholm), Switzerland (1889 in Zurich) and France (1889 in [[Père Lachaise Cemetery|Père Lachaise]], Paris).<ref name="eoc-arch"/>