Editing Court (section)

== Types and organization of courts ==
Courts may be organized into a hierarchy of courts and have specific jurisdiction and include [[specialized court]]s.

=== Trial and appellate courts ===
[[File:Supreme Administrative Court of Finland 20180915 125125.jpg|thumb|A courtroom of the [[Supreme Administrative Court of Finland]]]]
[[Trial court]]s are courts that hold [[trial]]s. Sometimes termed "courts of first instance", trial courts have varying [[original jurisdiction]]. Trial courts may conduct trials with juries as the [[Trier of fact|finders of fact]] (these are known as [[jury trial]]s) or trials in which judges act as both finders of fact and [[Question of law|finders of law]] (in some jurisdictions these are known as [[bench trial]]s). Juries are less common in court systems outside the [[Anglosphere|Anglo-American]] common law tradition.

[[Appellate court]]s are courts that hear [[appeal]]s of lower courts and trial courts.

Some courts, such as the [[Crown Court]] in England and Wales, may have both trial and appellate jurisdictions.

=== Civil law courts and common law courts ===
The two major legal traditions of the western world are the [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] courts and the [[common law]] courts. These two great legal traditions are similar, in that they are products of western culture, although there are significant differences between the two traditions. Civil law courts are profoundly based upon [[Roman law]], specifically a civil body of law entitled {{Lang|la|[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]}}.<ref name=LUS>{{cite book|last1=von Mehren|first1=Arthur T.|last2=Murray|first2=Peter L.|title=Law in the United States|date=8 Jan 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139462198|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9tpJlKdqVTsC|access-date=21 May 2015}}</ref> This theory of civil law was rediscovered around the end of the eleventh century and became a foundation for university legal education starting in Bologna, Italy and subsequently being taught throughout continental European universities.<ref name="LUS"/>

Civil law is firmly ensconced in the [[Law of France|French]] and [[Law of Germany|German legal systems]]. Common law courts were established by English royal judges of the King's Council after the [[Norman Conquest|Norman Invasion of Britain]] in 1066.<ref name="BurnLUS">{{cite book |last1=Burnham |first1=William |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontola0000burn_h8i3 |title=Introduction to the Law and Legal System of the United States |date=2006 |publisher=Thomson-West |isbn=9780314158987 |edition=4th |location=St. Paul (Minn.) |url-access=registration}}</ref> The royal judges created a body of law by combining local customs they were made aware of through traveling and visiting local jurisdictions.<ref name="BurnLUS"/> This common standard of law became known as "Common Law". This legal tradition is practiced in the [[English law|English]] and [[Law of the United States|American legal systems]]. In most civil law jurisdictions, courts function under an [[inquisitorial system]]. In the common law system, most courts follow the [[adversarial system]]. [[Procedural law]] governs the rules by which courts operate: [[civil procedure]] for private disputes (for example); and [[criminal procedure]] for violation of the criminal law. In recent years, international courts are being created to resolve matters not covered by the jurisdiction of national courts. For example, the [[International Criminal Court]], based in [[The Hague]], in the Netherlands, or the Court of Permanent [[Lok Adalat]] (Public Utility Services), based in India.

=== International courts ===
[[File:Une des salles de réunion de la Cour permanente d'arbitrage.jpg|thumb|right|A courtroom of the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] of the [[United Nations]].]]
* [[International judicial institution]]
* [[International Court of Justice]]
* [[International Criminal Court]]
* [[International Court of Arbitration]]

=== List of types and organization of courts ===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Administrative court]]
* [[Admiralty court]]
* [[Appellate court]]
* [[Circuit court]]
* [[City court]]
* [[Constitutional court]]
* [[Commercial court]]
* [[Community court]]
* [[Court of cassation]]
* [[Court of marine inquiry]]
* [[Court of record]]
* [[Court-martial]]
* [[District court]]
* [[Domestic violence court]]
* [[Drug court]]
* [[DWI court]]
* [[Ecclesiastical court]]
* [[Equity court]]
* [[Extraordinary court]]
* [[Family court]]
* [[Girl's court]]
* [[High court]]
* [[International court]]
* [[Juvenile court]]
* [[Labor court]]
* [[Land court]]
* [[Livability court]]
* [[Lower court]]
* [[Mental health court]]
* [[Ordinary court]]
* [[Patent court]]
* [[Probate court]]
* [[Small claims court]]
* [[Specialized court]]
* [[Superior court]]
* [[Supreme court]]
* [[Tax court]]
* [[Teen court]]
* [[Trial court]]
* [[Veterans' court]]
{{div col end}}