Editing Cosmic microwave background (section)

===Discovery===
{{See also|Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation}}
[[File:Horn Antenna-in Holmdel, New Jersey - restoration1.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Holmdel Horn Antenna]] on which Penzias and Wilson discovered the cosmic microwave background.<ref name="NYT-20230905" />]]

The first published recognition of the CMB radiation as a detectable phenomenon appeared in a brief paper by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] astrophysicists [[A. G. Doroshkevich]] and [[Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov|Igor Novikov]], in the spring of 1964.<ref name="Penzias-Nobel-1979">{{Cite journal |last=Penzias |first=Arno A. |date=1979-07-01 |title=The origin of the elements |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.51.425 |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925205437/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/penzias-lecture.pdf|archive-date=2006-09-25 | language=en |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=425–431 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.51.425 |issn=0034-6861}}</ref> In 1964, [[David Todd Wilkinson]] and Peter Roll, [[Robert H. Dicke]]'s colleagues at [[Princeton University]], began constructing a [[Dicke radiometer]] to measure the cosmic microwave background.<ref>
{{cite journal|last=Dicke|first=R. H.|date=1946|title=The Measurement of Thermal Radiation at Microwave Frequencies|journal=[[Review of Scientific Instruments]]|volume=17|pages=268–275|doi=10.1063/1.1770483|pmid=20991753|bibcode = 1946RScI...17..268D|issue=7 |s2cid=26658623 |doi-access=free}} This basic design for a radiometer has been used in most subsequent cosmic microwave background experiments.</ref> In 1964, [[Arno Penzias]] and [[Robert Woodrow Wilson]] at the [[Crawford Hill]] location of [[Bell Telephone Laboratories]] in nearby [[Holmdel Township, New Jersey]] had built a Dicke radiometer that they intended to use for radio astronomy and satellite communication experiments. The antenna was constructed in 1959 to support [[Project Echo]]—the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's passive communications satellites, which used large Earth orbiting aluminized plastic balloons as reflectors to bounce radio signals from one point on the Earth to another.<ref name="NYT-20230905">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=Back to New Jersey, Where the Universe Began - A half-century ago, a radio telescope in Holmdel, N.J., sent two astronomers 13.8 billion years back in time — and opened a cosmic window that scientists have been peering through ever since.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/04/science/astronomy-holmdel-antenna-microwaves.html |date=5 September 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230905113310/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/04/science/astronomy-holmdel-antenna-microwaves.html |archivedate=5 September 2023 |accessdate=5 September 2023 }}</ref> On 20&nbsp;May 1964 they made their first measurement clearly showing the presence of the microwave background,<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/wilson-lecture-1.pdf| title = The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (Nobel Lecture) by Robert Wilson 8 Dec 1978, p.&nbsp;474}}</ref> with their instrument having an excess 4.2K [[noise temperature|antenna temperature]] which they could not account for. After receiving a telephone call from Crawford Hill, Dicke said "Boys, we've been scooped."<ref name="Penzias&Wilson">{{cite journal |last1=Penzias |first1=A. A. |last2=Wilson|first2=R. W. |date=1965 |title=A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=419–421 |bibcode=1965ApJ...142..419P |doi=10.1086/148307|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Smoot Group |date=28 March 1996 |title=The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation. |url=http://aether.lbl.gov/www/science/cmb.html |publisher=[[Lawrence Berkeley Lab]] |access-date=2008-12-11}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal|last=Dicke|first=R. H.|date=1965|title=Cosmic Black-Body Radiation|journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=142|pages=414–419|doi=10.1086/148306|bibcode=1965ApJ...142..414D|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=PeeblesPrinciples>{{cite book|last=Peebles|first=P. J. E|date=1993|title=Principles of Physical Cosmology|pages=[https://archive.org/details/principlesofphys00pjep/page/139 139–148]|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-01933-8|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofphys00pjep/page/139}}</ref>{{rp|140}} A meeting between the Princeton and Crawford Hill groups determined that the antenna temperature was indeed due to the microwave background. Penzias and Wilson received the 1978 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for their discovery.<ref name="PenziasWilsonNobelSummary">{{cite web|date=1978|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|access-date=2009-01-08}}</ref>