Editing Corpus Christi College, Oxford (section)

==Buildings and gardens==

===Buildings===
The main buildings on the main college site are the Front Quad, the West Building, the [[Mohamed Bin Issa Al Jaber|MBI Al Jaber]] Auditorium, the Fellows' Building, Gentleman-Commoners' Quad and Thomas Quad.

[[File:Corpus library to chapel.jpg|right|thumb|The aisle of the library as seen from the former President's Study in the far west end. The chapel is visible through a pane of glass at the end of the library.]]

The Front Quad was built for the college's foundation and designed in an archetypal Oxford college style, with a tower over the main gate. The quad was constructed by distinguished builders associated with Henry VIII's Office of Work: master mason [[William Vertue]], master mason William East and carpenter Humphrey Coke (Warden of the [[Worshipful Company of Carpenters|Carpenter's Company]] in London).{{sfn|Tyack|1998|pp=72–73}} The quad's architecture later inspired that of [[Oglethorpe University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/education/oglethorpe-university |title=Oglethorpe University |last=Hudson |first=Paul Stephen |date=21 November 2016 |website=New Georgia Encyclopedia}}</ref> Although by then considered heavily antiquated, in 1625 battlements were added to make the effect more complete and akin to other colleges.

The chapel adjoins the library and is just off the Front Quad. Its location is unusual: many colleges (even small ones) had their chapel in their main quad, with some colleges placing them on the first floor to fit them in (e.g. Lincoln and Brasenose).{{sfn|Charles-Edwards|Reid|2017|p=31}} Its lectern is one of the first bronze eagle lecterns in Oxford; it is the only pre-Reformation one <!-- which still exists? --> and was a gift of the first president. The chapel's [[altarpiece]] is a copy of Ruben's Adoration of the Shepherds, a gift from the antiquarian [[Sir Richard Worsley, 7th Baronet|Sir Richard Worsley]].{{sfn|Sherwood|Pevsner|1974|pp=29, 131}}{{sfn|Fowler|1898|p=45}}

Later buildings on the main site include the Fellows' Building of 1706–1716, the Gentlemen Commoners' Building of 1737 and the Emily Thomas Building, designed by [[Thomas Harold Hughes|T.H. Hughes]], of 1928.<ref name="VCH" /><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/oxon/pp48-54 |title=An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in the City of Oxford |chapter=Corpus Christi College |date=1939 |publisher=His Majesty's Stationery Office |location=London |pages=48–54 |access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref>

On the corner of [[Merton Street]] and [[Magpie Lane]], lie the Jackson and Oldham buildings and Kybald Twychen, which all house students. In 1884–85, the architect [[Thomas Graham Jackson|T. G. Jackson]] had first installed a 'New Building and Annexe', replacing town houses on Magpie Lane.{{sfn|Fowler|1898|pp=46, 222}} In 1969, this work was trimmed and modified to make space for a further new building created by [[Philip Powell (architect)|Philip Powell]] and [[Hidalgo Moya]] using a modernist [[beehive]] design, while leaving Jackson's Annexe substantially intact.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ccctheestate.com/about.html |title=The Corpus Estate |author=Alan Baxter Associates |date=2014 |publisher=Corpus Christi College, Oxford | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820114255/http://ccctheestate.com/about.html | archive-date=20 August 2018 }}</ref> Powell and Moya's building uses local limestone rubble and has the architects' characteristically large windows mounted within an exposed concrete frame. Particular attention was paid to placing the design within the existing architectural context, including the plain wall of Oriel College, Merton's [[English Gothic architecture#Early English Gothic|Gothic]] chapel and Jackson's heavily ornamented Annexe.{{sfn|Tyack|1998|p=315}} In 2017, the New Building and Annexe were substantially renovated and renamed the Oldham and Jackson Buildings, respectively.<ref name="completed accommodation">{{Cite web |url=http://ccctheestate.com/gallery_703782.html |title=Completed {{sic|nolink=y|accom|odation}}; Projects |date=2016 |publisher=Corpus Christi College, Oxford |url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820120303/http://ccctheestate.com/gallery_703782.html | archive-date=20 August 2018 }}</ref>

Corpus also owns several buildings further afield: the Liddell Building on [[Iffley Road]] (built with Christ Church in 1991),<ref name="completed accommodation"/> the Lampl Building on [[Park End Street]] (completed in 2014 and named after [[Sir Peter Lampl]])<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2 September 2013 |title=The Lampl Building |url=https://www.ccc.ox.ac.uk/data/uploads/pelicanrecord%20and%20sundial/Sundial_Issue2_web_AW6.pdf |magazine=Sundial |publisher=Corpus Christi College, Oxford |issue=2 |page=10}}</ref> and houses on [[Banbury Road]].

===Pelican Sundial===
[[File:History of Corpus with Lists.djvu|page=8|thumb|right|A sketch by Robert Hegge of the dial {{circa}} 1600.|upright]]
The Pelican Sundial is the large pillar in the centre of Corpus' main quad and dates from 1579. The sundial is named after the gold-painted Pelican on an armillary sphere at the top of the pillar.{{sfn|Pattenden|1979|p=26}} "Pelican Sundial" is a misnomer, as the pillar contains 27 separate sundials.{{sfn|Pattenden|1983|p=322}} Nine of the sundials are found easily: four on each face of the square frustum beneath the pelican, four beneath each coat of arms on the cuboid and one facing south on the curved pillar shaft.{{sfn|Pattenden|1983|p=322–323}} The remaining sundials are found on the hollows and scallops surrounding the east and west arms. The symbols surrounding the sundials are used to reckon feast days and the signs of the Zodiac.{{sfn|Pattenden|1983|p=322–325}} The pillar shaft is covered by three tables: one for calculating the dates of the [[movable feast|movable]] and [[fixed feast]]s and the [[Academic term#Universities|Oxford]] and [[Legal year#England|legal terms]]; one being a [[perpetual calendar]] and one for finding the time by moonlight.{{sfn|Pattenden|1979|p=30}}

====History and copies====
The Pelican Sundial was designed by Charles Turnball and is sometimes called the Turnball Sundial after him. Turnball lived in Corpus for 8 years, reaching the degree of MA.{{sfn|Pattenden|1979|pp=30–31}} He went on to publish the book ''A Perfect and Easie Treatise of the Use of the Coelestial Globe'' in 1585, but it is otherwise unknown what he went on to do.{{sfn|Pattenden|1979|pp=30–31}}

The Pelican Sundial was not the first sundial at Corpus. Before it was erected, one had been designed for the college by [[Nicholas Kratzer]], an astrologer and horologer for Henry VIII.{{sfn|Pattenden|1979|p=12}} Like Juan Luis Vives, he was probably one of Cardinal Wolsey's lecturers who resided at Corpus while waiting for the completion of Cardinal College.{{sfn|Pattenden|1979|pp=11–12}} Kratzer designed many dials, however only three can definitely be attributed to him: fixed ones for the [[University Church of St Mary the Virgin]] and Corpus and a portable one for Cardinal Wolsey. Only Wolsey's survives;{{efn|The dial is currently held by [[Oxford Museum of the History of Science]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/collections/search/displayrecord/?invnumber=54054 | title=Polyhedral Dial, by Nicolaus Kratzer?, English, 1518–30 | website=MHS Collection Database Search | publisher=Museum of the History of Science | id=Inventory Number 54054}}</ref>}}{{sfn|Pattenden|1979|p=14}} Kratzer's Corpus dial stood in the garden until around 1706, when the gardens were remodelled for the construction of the Fellows' Building.{{sfn|Pattenden|1979|pp=21–22}} <!-- The St Mary's dial was made with stonemason William East, who also worked on Corpus under the direction of William Vertue.{{sfn|Pattenden|1979|p=16}} --><!-- include Hegge's drawing of the dial -->

The dial has required regular maintenance throughout existence. The markings were replaced many times over the centuries and, despite restorations overseen by a professor of natural sciences{{sfn|Pattenden|1979|pp=48–53}} and a historian of science, [[Robert Gunther]],{{sfn|Pattenden|1979|pp=55–57}} more and more errors crept into the pillar's tables. The dial also developed a lean. This was fixed in 1967 after it was discovered that the dial had no solid foundation and that its base was made of stone panels loosely packed with rubble.{{sfn|Pattenden|1979|pp=59–61}} In 1976, the sundial was restored (and its tables corrected) to its state {{circa}} 1710 by Philip Pattenden. Since the 1710 tables were designed for the [[Julian calendar]], they have no modern use.{{sfn|Pattenden|1979|pp=64–70}} The sundial was most recently restored in 2016.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.ccc.ox.ac.uk/data/uploads/pelicanrecord%20and%20sundial/Pelican%20Record%202016%20Final%20Copy.pdf | journal=The Pelican Record | publisher=Corpus Christi College, Oxford | volume=LII | date=December 2016 | title=The Corpus Estate | author=<!-- no by-line -->}}</ref>

Two copies of the Pelican Sundial exist in America. The first, the Mather Sundial in [[Princeton University]], was commissioned by [[William Mather]] as a goodwill gesture between the United Kingdom to the United States.{{sfn|Pattenden|1983|p=321}} The second is on the front lawn of [[Pomfret School]] in Connecticut and was donated in 1912 by the father of a graduating student.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!330655~!0#focus | title=Pomfret School Sundial, (sculpture) | work=Art Inventories Catalog | publisher=[[Smithsonian American Art Museum]] | id=Inventory of American Sculpture, Control Number CT000250}}</ref>

===Gardens===
[[File:UK-2014-Oxford-Corpus Christi College 01.jpg|thumb|right|View from Small Garden towards Front Quad|upright]]
Aspects of the evolution of the college's ornamental gardens (Grade II listed) have been documented since the late 16th century.<ref name="Register">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest |title=Corpus Christi, Oxford |url=https://www.parksandgardens.org/places/corpus-christi-oxford |date=January 2000 |publisher=(via Parks&Gardens) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725124138/https://www.parksandgardens.org/places/corpus-christi-oxford |archive-date=25 July 2019 |quote=[[Ralph Agas|Agas' map]] (1578) shows the 'Gardaine' containing trees planted regularly below the wall, and a smaller, rectangular, formally laid-out area adjacent to the east. The raised terrace in this area, constructed c 1623-4 (The Pelican ''[(1979-80), pp 20-29]'') against the City Wall, is shown in 1675 ([[David Loggan|Loggan]] ''[Map of Oxford]'') with an elaborate two-storey pavilion at the west end, a line of trees growing along the top, and two rows of shrubs growing on the level, open area to the north, parallel with the trees. A similar layout is shown in 1726, behind Front Quad with its central sundial and the newly-built Fellows' Building to the east, which retains the smaller enclosed area east of the terrace garden, shown formally laid out in 1733 (Williams ''[Oxonia Depicta, 1733]''). By 1814 (Ackerman ''[A History of the University of Oxford]'') most of the formal elements in the garden south of the Fellows' Building, including the internal divisions, had been removed and the east end of the City Wall lowered, leaving an open lawn partially bordered by the raised terrace to the south. }}</ref>{{efn|The main garden, as seen today, is situated on the land the founder acquired in 1515 from Merton College (where it had been the site of their Bachelor's Garden).<ref name="Register"/>{{sfn|Richardson|2018|pp=66-67}}}} By the turn of the 19th century, a series of strict, geometrical layouts had given way to more informal features, including a lawn in the main garden, bordered by a dense shrubbery.<ref name="Register"/>{{sfn|Richardson|2018|p=67}}

In their present form, as tended by David Leake since 1979, the gardens are considered some of the university's most unusual and exuberant.<ref name="Garth2015">{{cite news |last1=Garth |first1=John |title=Root and branch: John Garth meets the extraordinary creator of one of the most storied and unusual Oxford college gardens |url=http://www.oxfordtoday.ox.ac.uk/interviews/root-and-branch |work=www.oxfordtoday.ox.ac.uk | date=16 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723102448/http://www.oxfordtoday.ox.ac.uk/interviews/root-and-branch |archive-date=23 July 2019 }}</ref> Described as [[Wildlife garden|'wild' garden]]s, the stated aim is to blend a "range of wild and cultivated flowers into a vivid yet harmonious landscape."<ref>{{cite web |title=Corpus Christi College Oxford - The Gardens |url=https://www.ccc.ox.ac.uk/The-Gardens/ |website=www.ccc.ox.ac.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723103531/https://www.ccc.ox.ac.uk/The-Gardens/ |archive-date=23 July 2019 }}</ref> Attention to detail marks even the most intimate of spaces, such as those around the 'small garden' linking the front quad to the main garden at the back of the college.{{sfn|Richardson|2018|p=64}}

The main garden is flanked on one side by the distinctive [[neoclassical architecture]] of the Fellows' Building, which is exuberantly bordered by ornamental shrubs and [[perennial]]s, overseen by climbing roses and wisteria.{{sfn|Richardson|2018|pp=66-67}} Across the lawn, a bank shaded by a dominant [[Fagus sylvatica#Cultivation|copper beech]] leads up to a vantage point on the old city wall (above [[Dead Man's Walk]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Oxford City Wall - South Wall: Christ Church, with Bastions 20 & 21 |url=http://www.oxfordhistory.org.uk/city_wall/09_chch_meadow.html |website=www.oxfordhistory.org.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724164453/http://www.oxfordhistory.org.uk/city_wall/09_chch_meadow.html |archive-date=24 July 2019}}</ref>), where a line of three [[lime tree]]s traces the course of a terraced avenue that was originally raised in 1623.{{sfn|Richardson|2018|p=67}} The views from here across [[Christ Church Meadow, Oxford|Christ Church Meadow]] and into the gardens of neighbouring colleges suggest a "pleasant gardening outpost."<ref name="Lacey2001">{{cite news |last1=Lacey |first1=Stephen |title=A free-for-all in the quad |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/3291693/A-free-for-all-in-the-quad.html |work=The Telegraph |date=9 July 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723111954/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/3291693/A-free-for-all-in-the-quad.html |archive-date=23 July 2019 }}</ref>

The style of gardening is, in Leake's words, "much less formal than [in] most other colleges, but sympathetic to the atmosphere."<ref name="Beck2016"/> Accordingly, the library windows in the front quad are framed by seven [[bamboo]] plants.<ref name="Beck2016"/> [[Beekeeping]] echoes the founder's wish for the college to be a hive of activity.<ref name="Garth2015"/>{{efn|A surviving foxhole also references Richard Foxe in a more humane way than the fox that can be seen chained up in a yard in [[David Loggan]]'s bird's-eye view of the college engraved in 1675.{{sfn|Richardson|2018|p=67}}}}

Use of [[herbicide]]s and [[fertiliser]]s is avoided even on the main lawn, which characteristically is allowed to incorporate plants that have [[Wildflower|self-seeded]], in keeping with an overall wildlife-friendly approach (for example, spontaneous [[red valerian]] can provide a food plant for caterpillars of the [[hummingbird hawk-moth]]).<ref name="Beck2016">{{cite news |last1=Beck |first1=Caroline |title=Me and my garden: 'It's like paradise, surrounded by beautiful buildings and overlooking Christ Church meadow' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/apr/23/how-garden-grow-david-leake-corpus-christi-oxford |work=The Guardian |date=23 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723110140/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/apr/23/how-garden-grow-david-leake-corpus-christi-oxford |archive-date=23 July 2019 }}</ref>

Examples of [[exotic plants]] that have been [[Cultivar|cultivated]] include ''[[Campsis radicans]]'' (trumpet vine), ''[[Dracunculus vulgaris]]'' (dragon lily), ''[[Gunnera manicata]]'' (Brazilian giant-rhubarb), ''[[Philadelphus microphyllus]]'' (littleleaf mock-orange), and ''[[Zantedeschia aethiopica]]'' (arum lily).<ref name="Lacey2001"/> Trees include a [[Wollemi pine]] (a species rediscovered in Australia in 1994) and [[quince]] (whose fruit is given to college fellows and friends).<ref name="Garth2015"/>

The greenhouse was designed by [[Rick Mather]], the creator of the college's auditorium.<ref name="Garth2015"/>{{efn| The auditorium was built in what used to be the fellows' private garden, with its rooftop Handa Terrace providing a further viewing area for the remaining gardens and their surroundings.<ref name="Garth2015"/>}} Almost frameless, it presents itself as a display cabinet in which a variety of [[horticultural]] and other informal exhibits are watched over by a surreally attired [[mannequin]] named Madame Lulu.<ref name="Garth2015"/><ref name="Beck2016"/>