Editing Computer mouse (section)

=== Engelbart's first "mouse" ===
{{anchor|Engelbart}}<!-- NOTE: Please see the discussion at File:firstmouseunderside.jpg before trying to replace this image with File: SRI Computer Mouse.jpg. The usage is not equivalent to the free image, as it illustrates the technical details and size of the device. -->[[File:firstmouseunderside.jpg|thumb|Inventor [[Douglas Engelbart]] holding the first computer mouse,<ref>{{cite web |title=First mouse – CERN Courier |url=http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28358/1/cernbooks2_12-00 |website=cerncourier.com |access-date=2015-06-24}}</ref> showing the wheels that make contact with the working surface]]

[[Douglas Engelbart]] of the Stanford Research Institute (now [[SRI International]]) has been credited in published books by [[Thierry Bardini]],<ref name="Bardini_2000_2" /> [[Paul Ceruzzi]],<ref name="Ceruzzi_2012" /> [[Howard Rheingold]],<ref name="Rheingold_2000" /> and several others<ref name="Lyon_1998" /><ref name="Hey">{{cite book |author-last1=Hey |author-first1=Tony |author-last2=Pápay |author-first2=Gyuri |title=The Computing Universe: A Journey through a Revolution |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-316-12322-5 |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4FIBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA162}}</ref><ref name="Atkinson">{{cite book |author-last=Atkinson |author-first=Paul |title=Computer |date=2010 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-86189-737-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/computer0000atki/page/63 63] |url=https://archive.org/details/computer0000atki |url-access=registration}}</ref> as the inventor of the computer mouse. Engelbart was also recognized as such in various obituary titles after his death in July 2013.<ref name="Khazan">{{cite news |author-last=Khazan |author-first=Olga |title=Douglas Engelbart, computer visionary and inventor of the mouse, dies at 88 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/douglas-engelbart-computer-visionary-and-inventor-of-the-mouse-dies-at-88/2013/07/03/1439b508-0264-11e2-9b24-ff730c7f6312_story.html |access-date=2017-01-18 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |publisher=WP Company |date=2013-07-03}}</ref><ref name="Markoff">{{cite news |author-last=Markoff |author-first=John |title=Computer Visionary Who Invented the Mouse |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/technology/douglas-c-engelbart-inventor-of-the-computer-mouse-dies-at-88.html |access-date=2017-01-18 |work=The New York Times |date=2013-07-03 |location=New York}}</ref><ref name="Arnold">{{cite news |author-last=Arnold |author-first=Laurence |title=Douglas Engelbart, Computer Mouse Creator, Visionary, Dies at 88 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-07-03/douglas-engelbart-computer-mouse-creator-visionary-dies-at-88 |access-date=2017-01-18 |work=Bloomberg |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=2013-07-03}}</ref><ref name="Chappell">{{cite news |author-last=Chappell |author-first=Bill |title=Inventor Of Computer Mouse Dies; Doug Engelbart Was 88 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/07/03/198448726/inventor-of-computer-mouse-dies-doug-engelbart-was-88 |access-date=2017-01-18 |work=The Two Way: Breaking News from NPR |publisher=NPR |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>

By 1963, Engelbart had already established a research lab at SRI, the [[Augmentation Research Center]] (ARC), to pursue his objective of developing both hardware and software computer technology to "augment" human intelligence. That November, while attending a conference on computer graphics in [[Reno, Nevada]], Engelbart began to ponder how to adapt the underlying principles of the [[planimeter]] to inputting X- and Y-coordinate data.<ref name="Bardini_2000_2" /> On 14 November 1963, he first recorded his thoughts in his personal notebook about something he initially called a "[[bug (computer mouse)|bug]]", which is a "3-point" form could have a "drop point and 2 orthogonal wheels".<ref name="Markoff_2005" /><ref name="Bardini_2000_2" /> He wrote that the "bug" would be "easier" and "more natural" to use, and unlike a stylus, it would stay still when let go, which meant it would be "much better for coordination with the keyboard".<ref name="Bardini_2000_2" />

[[File:Computer mouse prototype bottom.jpg|left|thumb|Bottom view of a replica of the Engelbart mouse]]

In 1964, [[Bill English (computer engineer)|Bill English]] joined ARC, where he helped Engelbart build the first mouse prototype.<ref name="Bardini_2000" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1137400/mouse40.html |title=The computer mouse turns 40 |work=[[Macworld]] |author-first=Benj |author-last=Edwards |date=2008-12-09 |access-date=2009-04-16}}</ref> They christened the device the ''mouse'' as early models had a cord attached to the rear part of the device which looked like a tail, and in turn, resembled the common [[mouse]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stason.org/TULARC/languages/english-usage/51-mouses-vs-mice-Usage-disputes-alt-usage-english.html |title="Mouses" vs "mice" |work=The Ultimate Learn And Resource Center |access-date=2017-07-09}}</ref> According to Roger Bates, a hardware designer under English, another reason for choosing this name was because the cursor on the screen was also referred to as "CAT" at this time.<ref name="Markoff_2005" /><ref name="Markoff_2013" />

As noted above, this "mouse" was first mentioned in print in a July 1965 report, on which English was the lead author.<ref name="OED" /><ref name="Bardini_2000" /><ref name="English_1965" /> On 9 December 1968, Engelbart publicly demonstrated the mouse at what would come to be known as [[The Mother of All Demos]]. Engelbart never received any royalties for it, as his employer SRI held the patent, which expired before the mouse became widely used in personal computers.<ref>{{cite news |author-first=Shiels |author-last=Maggie |title=Say goodbye to the computer mouse |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7508842.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2008-07-17 |access-date=2008-07-17}}</ref> In any event, the invention of the mouse was just a small part of Engelbart's much larger project of augmenting human intellect.<ref>{{citation |title=Evolving Collective Intelligence |author-last1=Engelbart |author-first1=Douglas C. |author-link1=Douglas C. Engelbart |author-last2=Landau |author-last3=Clegg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/video/smithsonian-channel/The-Demo-That-Changed-the-World.html |title=The Demo That Changed the World |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=2013-01-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228005323/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/video/smithsonian-channel/The-Demo-That-Changed-the-World.html |archive-date=2012-12-28}}</ref>

[[File:Mouse-patents-englebart-rid.png|thumb|right|Early mouse patents. From left to right: Opposing track wheels by Engelbart, November 1970, {{US patent|3541541}}. Ball and Wheel by ''Rider'', September 1974, {{US patent|3835464}}. Ball and two rollers with spring by Opocensky, October 1976, {{US patent|3987685}}]]

Several other experimental pointing-devices developed for Engelbart's oN-Line System ([[NLS (computer system)|NLS]]) exploited different body movements –&nbsp;for example, head-mounted devices attached to the chin or nose&nbsp;– but ultimately the mouse won out because of its speed and convenience.<ref>{{citation |author-last=Engelbart |author-first=Douglas C. |author-link=Douglas C. Engelbart |title=Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation |publisher=IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics |pages=5–15 |date=March 1967 |url=https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/145/000/ |access-date=2013-03-26}}</ref> The first mouse, a bulky device (pictured) used two [[potentiometer]]s perpendicular to each other and connected to wheels: the rotation of each wheel translated into motion along one [[coordinate system|axis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/145/000/ |title=Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation – 1967 (AUGMENT, 133184) – Doug Engelbart Institute |author-last=Engelbart |author-first=Christina |website=dougengelbart.org |access-date=2016-03-15}}</ref> At the time of the "Mother of All Demos", Engelbart's group had been using their second-generation, 3-button mouse for about a year.