Editing Cognitive psychology (section)

===Memory===
The two main types of memory are short-term memory and long-term memory; however, short-term memory has become better understood to be working memory. Cognitive psychologists often study memory in terms of [[working memory]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cowan |first=Nelson |date=2013-12-03 |title=Working Memory Underpins Cognitive Development, Learning, and Education |journal=Educational Psychology Review |language=en |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=197–223 |doi=10.1007/s10648-013-9246-y |pmid=25346585 |pmc=4207727 }}</ref>

====Working memory====
{{main|Working memory}}
Though working memory is often thought of as just short-term memory, it is more clearly defined as the ability to process and maintain temporary information in a wide range of everyday activities in the face of distraction. The famously known capacity of memory of [[The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two|7 plus or minus 2]] is a combination of both memories in working memory and long-term memory.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cowan |first=Nelson |date=July 2015 |title=George Miller's magical number of immediate memory in retrospect: Observations on the faltering progression of science. |journal=Psychological Review |language=en |volume=122 |issue=3 |pages=536–541 |doi=10.1037/a0039035 |issn=1939-1471 |pmc=4486516 }}</ref>

One of the classic experiments is by [[Hermann Ebbinghaus|Ebbinghaus]], who found the [[serial position effect]] where information from the beginning and end of the list of random words were better recalled than those in the center.<ref name="Eb">Ebbinghaus, Hermann (1913). On memory: A contribution to experimental psychology. New York: Teachers College.</ref> This primacy and recency effect varies in intensity based on list length.<ref name="Eb" /> Its typical U-shaped curve can be disrupted by an attention-grabbing word; this is known as the [[Von Restorff effect]].
[[File:The Working Memory Model.svg|thumb|The Working Memory Model (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974, updated-2000)]]
Many models of working memory have been made. One of the most regarded is the [[Baddeley's model of working memory|Baddeley and Hitch model of working memory]]. It takes into account both visual and auditory stimuli, long-term memory to use as a reference, and a central processor to combine and understand it all.

A large part of memory is forgetting, and there is a large debate among psychologists of [[decay theory]] versus [[interference theory]].

====Long-term memory====
{{main|Long-term memory}}
Modern conceptions of [[memory]] are usually about long-term memory and break it down into three main sub-classes. These three classes are somewhat [[Hierarchy|hierarchical]] in nature, in terms of the level of [[conscious]] thought related to their use.<ref name="Balota">Balota, D.A. & Marsh, E.J. (2004). ''Cognitive Psychology: Key Readings''. New York: Psychology Press. (pp. 364–365)</ref>
* [[Procedural memory]] is memory for the performance of particular types of action. It is often activated on a [[subconscious]] level, or at most requires a minimal amount of [[conscious]] effort.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livescience.com/43595-procedural-memory.html|title=Procedural Memory: Definition and Examples|work=Live Science|access-date=2018-09-06}}</ref> Procedural memory includes [[Stimulus-response model|stimulus-response]]-type information, which is activated through association with particular tasks, routines, etc. A person is using [[procedural knowledge]] when they seemingly "automatically" respond in a particular manner to a particular situation or process.<ref name=Balota /> An example is driving a car.
* [[Semantic memory]] is the encyclopedic knowledge that a person possesses. Knowledge like what the [[Eiffel Tower]] looks like, or the name of a friend from sixth grade, represent semantic memory. Access of semantic memory ranges from slightly to extremely effortful, depending on a number of variables including but not limited to recency of encoding of the information, number of associations it has to other information, frequency of access, and levels of meaning (how deeply it was processed when it was encoded).<ref name=Balota />
* [[Episodic memory]] is the memory of autobiographical events that can be explicitly stated. It contains all memories that are temporal in nature, such as when one last brushed one's teeth or where one was when one heard about a major news event. Episodic memory typically requires the deepest level of [[consciousness|conscious]] thought, as it often pulls together [[semantic memory]] and temporal information to formulate the entire [[memory]].<ref name=Balota />