Editing Closed-circuit television (section)

== Uses ==
=== Crime prevention ===
[[File:Bulger cctv.jpg|thumb|The two-year-old [[Murder of James Bulger|James Bulger]] being led away by his killers, recorded on shopping centre CCTV in 1993; this [[narrow-bandwidth television]] system had a low [[frame rate]]]]
[[File:Video surveillance sign.jpg|thumb|Sign warning that premises are watched by CCTV cameras]]
{{further|crime prevention|predictive policing|criminal investigation}}

A 2008 report by UK Police Chiefs concluded that only 3% of crimes were solved by CCTV.<ref>[http://forward-edge.net/the-big-question-are-cctv-cameras-a-waste-of-money-in-the-fight-against-crime-822079.html "Are CCTV cameras a waste of money in the fight against crime?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061337/http://www.forward-edge.net/the-big-question-are-cctv-cameras-a-waste-of-money-in-the-fight-against-crime-822079.html|date=4 March 2016}} Forward Edge, 7 May 2008</ref> In London, a [[Metropolitan Police]] report showed that in 2008 only one crime was solved per 1000 cameras.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hughe |first=Mark |date=25 August 2009 |title=CCTV in the spotlight: one crime solved for every 1,000 cameras |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/cctv-in-the-spotlight-one-crime-solved-for-every-1000-cameras-1776774.html |publisher=Independent News and Media Limited}}</ref> In some cases CCTV cameras have become a target of attacks themselves.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/3676550.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/]" BBC</ref> A 2009 systematic review by researchers from [[Northeastern University]] and the [[University of Cambridge]] used [[meta-analysis|meta-analytic]] techniques to pool the average effect of CCTV on crime across 41 different studies.<ref name="Public">{{cite web|url = http://journalistsresource.org/studies/economics/housing/surveillance-cameras-and-crime/ |title = Public Area CCTV and Crime Prevention: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |publisher = Journalist's Resource.org |date = 11 February 2014 }}</ref> The studies included in the meta-analysis used [[quasi-experiment|quasi-experimental evaluation designs]] that involved before-and-after measures of crime in experimental and control areas.<ref name="Public" /> However, researchers have argued that the British car park studies included in the meta-analysis cannot accurately control for the fact that CCTV was introduced simultaneously with a range of other security-related measures.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The economics of subjective security and camera surveillance|url = https://wwz.unibas.ch/fileadmin/wwz/redaktion/wipo/Alois_Stutzer/Zehnder_B-099.pdf |date = 2009|last = Zehnder|journal = WWZ Research Paper|access-date = 27 October 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170706060053/https://wwz.unibas.ch/fileadmin/wwz/redaktion/wipo/Alois_Stutzer/Zehnder_B-099.pdf|archive-date = 6 July 2017|url-status = dead}}</ref> Second, some have noted that, in many of the studies, there may be issues with [[selection bias]] since the introduction of CCTV was potentially [[Endogeneity (econometrics)|endogenous]] to previous crime trends.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The Effects of Surveillance Cameras on Crime: Evidence from the Stockholm Subway|journal = The Economic Journal|date = 1 November 2015|issn = 1468-0297|pages = F289–F305|volume = 125|issue = 588|doi = 10.1111/ecoj.12327|first = Mikael|last = Priks|s2cid = 96452277}}</ref> In particular, the estimated effects may be biased if CCTV is introduced in response to crime trends.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Is camera surveillance an effective measure of counterterrorism?|journal = Defence and Peace Economics|date = 2013|pages = 1–14|volume = 24|doi = 10.1080/10242694.2011.650481|last = Stutzer|doi-access = free}}</ref>

[[File:Alexis Navy Yard 012 1dsLQLVk7nY.jpg|thumb|A CCTV captured the perpetrator of the [[Washington Navy Yard shooting]], Aaron Alexis, during his rampage]]
In 2012, cities such as Manchester in the UK are using [[Digital video recorder|DVR]]-based technology to improve accessibility for crime prevention.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-06-28 |title=Digital CCTV scheme switches on |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2070312.stm |access-date=2024-12-21 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2013, City of Philadelphia Auditor found that the $15 million system was operational only 32% of the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viakoo.com/orphaned-video-system-in-philadelphia/|title=Orphaned Video System in Philadelphia?|date=May 2015|access-date=29 July 2015|archive-date=28 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028042359/https://www.viakoo.com/orphaned-video-system-in-philadelphia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> There is [[anecdotal evidence]] that CCTV aids in detection and conviction of offenders; for example, UK police forces routinely seek CCTV recordings after crimes.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/10512087/10484338Police-are-failing-to-recover-crucial-CCTV-footage-new-figures-suggest.html?fbHow&goback=%2Egde_1889337_member_5817222616544473092 "Police are failing to recover crucial CCTV footage, new figures suggest"], The Daily Telegraph</ref> Cameras have also been installed on [[public transport]] in the hope of deterring crime.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-09-11 |title=CCTV to drive down cab attacks |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hereford/worcs/3101016.stm |access-date=2024-12-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-02-25 |title=Taxi CCTV cameras are installed |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/bristol/somerset/4295859.stm |access-date=2024-12-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

A 2017 review published in the [[Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention]] compiles seven studies that use such research designs. The studies found that CCTV reduced crime by 24–28% in public streets and urban subway stations. It also found that CCTV could decrease unruly behaviour in football stadiums and theft in supermarkets/mass merchant stores. However, there was no evidence of CCTV having desirable effects in parking facilities or suburban subway stations. Furthermore, the review indicates that CCTV is more effective in preventing property crimes than in violent crimes.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Gustav Alexandrie |date=2017 |title=Surveillance cameras and crime: a review of randomized and natural experiments |journal=Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=210–222 |doi=10.1080/14043858.2017.1387410 |s2cid=149144413}}</ref> However, a 2019, 40-year-long [[systematic review]] study reported that the most consistent effects of crime reduction of CCTV were in car parks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Piza |first1=Eric L. |last2=Welsh |first2=Brandon C. |last3=Farrington |first3=David P. |last4=Thomas |first4=Amanda L. |date=2019 |title=CCTV surveillance for crime prevention: A 40-year systematic review with meta-analysis |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12419 |journal=Criminology & Public Policy |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=135–159 |doi=10.1111/1745-9133.12419 |issn=1538-6473}}</ref>

A more open question is whether most CCTV is cost-effective. While low-quality domestic kits are cheap, the professional installation and maintenance of high definition CCTV is expensive.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allthings.com.au/Catalogue/cctv%20security%20surveillance%20ip%20network%20dome%20camera%20articles/Tip%20Sheet%205.pdf |title=National community Crime Prevention Programme |access-date=2016-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229022046/http://www.allthings.com.au/Catalogue/cctv%20security%20surveillance%20ip%20network%20dome%20camera%20articles/Tip%20Sheet%205.pdf |archive-date=29 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Gill and Spriggs did a [[cost-effectiveness analysis]] (CEA) of CCTV in crime prevention that showed little monetary saving with the installation of CCTV as most of the crimes prevented resulted in little monetary loss.<ref name="Assessing">{{cite web |url=http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/rdsolr1205.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110218135832/http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/rdsolr1205.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-02-18 |title=Assessing the impact of CCTV |access-date=2011-10-16}}</ref> Critics however noted that benefits of non-monetary value cannot be captured in a traditional cost effectiveness analysis and were omitted from their study.<ref name="Assessing" />

In October 2009, an "Internet Eyes" website was announced which would pay members of the public to view CCTV camera images from their homes and report any crimes they witnessed. The site aimed to add "more eyes" to cameras which might be insufficiently monitored. Civil liberties campaigners criticized the idea as "a distasteful and a worrying development".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8293784.stm Public to Monitor CCTV From Home], ''[[BBC]]''</ref> Russia has also implemented a video surveillance system called 'Safe City', which has the capability to recognize facial features and moving objects, sending the data automatically to government authorities. However, the widespread tracking of individuals through video surveillance has raised significant privacy issues.<ref>Artificial intelligence in local government services: Public perceptions from Australia and Hong Kong, Government Information Quarterly, Volume 40, Issue 3, June 2023, 101833</ref>

==== Forensics ====
Material collected by surveillance cameras has been used as a tool in post-event forensics to identify tactics and perpetrators of [[terrorist attack]]s. Furthermore, there are various projects—such as [[INDECT]]—that aim to detect suspicious behaviours of individuals and crowds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mould |first1=Nick |last2=Regens |first2=James L. |last3=Jensen |first3=Carl J. |last4=Edger |first4=David N. |date=30 August 2014 |title=Video surveillance and counterterrorism: the application of suspicious activity recognition in visual surveillance systems to counterterrorism |journal=Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=151–175 |doi=10.1080/18335330.2014.940819 |s2cid=62710484}}</ref> It has been argued that terrorists will not be deterred by cameras, that terror attacks are not really the subject of the current use of video surveillance and that terrorists might even see it as an extra channel for [[propaganda]] and publication of their acts.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=10 May 2010 |title=In the Petabyte Age of Surveillance, Software Polices |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/security/how-to/a5776/surveillance-cameras-and-data/ |access-date=4 January 2017 |magazine=Popular Mechanics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 October 2016 |title=Mehr Videoüberwachung gegen Terroristen - WDR aktuell - Sendung - Video - Mediathek - WDR |url=http://www1.wdr.de/mediathek/video/sendungen/wdr-aktuell/video-mehr-videoueberwachung-gegen-terroristen-100.html |access-date=4 January 2017 |publisher=WDR}}</ref> In Germany, calls for extended video surveillance by the country's main political parties, [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]], [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]], and [[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]] have been dismissed as "little more than a [[placebo]] for a subjective feeling of security" by a member of the Left party.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calls increase for sweeping surveillance after Berlin attack |url=http://www.dw.com/en/calls-increase-for-sweeping-surveillance-after-berlin-attack/a-36854715 |access-date=4 January 2017 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref>

In Singapore, since 2012, thousands of CCTV cameras have helped deter [[loan shark]]s, nab litterbugs, and stop illegal parking, according to government figures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2016 |title=Network of CCTV cameras proving effective |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/network-of-cctv-cameras-proving-effective |access-date=2017-02-06 |publisher=straitstimes}}</ref> In 2013, [[Oaxaca]], Mexico, hired deaf police officers to [[lip reading|lip read]] conversations to uncover criminal conspiracies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maria Alvarez |first=Jose |date=November 20, 2013 |title=Mexico's Angels of Silence: Deaf police officers see crime where others don't |url=http://m.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/oaxacas-angels-of-silence-deaf-police-officers-see-crime-where-others-dont/article15520263/?service=mobile |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131121124759/http://m.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/oaxacas-angels-of-silence-deaf-police-officers-see-crime-where-others-dont/article15520263/?service=mobile#selection-101.1-101.78 |archive-date=21 November 2013 |website=Globe & Mail}}</ref>
[[File:Omar Habhan Westgate attack.webp|thumb|[[Omar Nabhan]], as seen on CCTV during the [[Westgate shopping mall attack]] that resulted in the deaths of 71 people. Authorities observed the attack via the cameras within the mall.]]

=== Body-worn cameras ===
{{Main|Body worn video}}
In recent years, the use of [[body worn video|body-worn video]] cameras has been introduced for a number of uses. For example, as a new form of surveillance in law enforcement, there are surveillance cameras that are worn by the police officer and are usually located on a police officer's chest or head.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bayley|first1=David H.|last2=Stenning|first2=Philip C.|title=Governing the Police: Experience in Six Democracies|date=2016|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1412862318|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=klW5CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT100}}</ref><ref name=Hung>{{cite web|last1=Hung |last2=Babin |last3=Coberly |first1=Vivian |first2=Steven |first3=Jacqueline|title=A Market Survey on Body Worn Camera Technologies|url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/250381.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/250381.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|website=The Department of Justice's National Institute of Justice|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory}}</ref> According to the [[Bureau of Justice Statistics]] (BJS), in the United States, in 2016, about 47% of the 15,328 general-purpose [[Law enforcement in the United States|law enforcement]] agencies had acquired body-worn cameras.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. Hyland |first=Shelley |date=November 2018 |title=Body-Worn Cameras in Law Enforcement Agencies, 2016, NCJ 251775 |url=https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/bwclea16.pdf |publisher=Bureau of Justice Statistics}}</ref>

=== Traffic flow monitoring ===
{{Main|Traffic camera}}

Many cities and [[motorway]] networks have extensive traffic-monitoring systems. Many of these cameras however, are owned by private companies and transmit data to drivers' [[GPS]] systems.

[[Highways England]] has a publicly owned CCTV network of over 3000 pan–tilt–zoom cameras covering the British motorway and trunk road network. These cameras are primarily used to monitor traffic conditions and are not used as [[speed cameras]]. With the addition of fixed cameras for the [[active traffic management]] system, the number of cameras on the Highways England's CCTV network is likely to increase significantly over the next few years.<ref>Networx Security. "[https://www.networxsecurity.org/members-area/glossary/c/cctv.html Closed Circuit Television]." Retrieved 7 March 2019.</ref> The [[London congestion charge]] is enforced by cameras positioned at the boundaries of and inside the congestion charge zone, which automatically read the number plates of vehicles that enter the zone. If the driver does not pay the charge then a fine will be imposed.<ref>Kablenet, The Register. "[https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/06/06/congestion_charge_tags/ TfL hands out contracts for congestion charge tags]." 6 June 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2019.</ref> Similar systems are being developed as a means of locating cars reported stolen.<ref>Rowena Coetsee, Bay Area News Group. "[https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2017/08/11/new-surveillance-cameras-doing-their-job-antiochs-top-cop-says/ New surveillance cameras doing their job, Antioch's top cop says]." 11 August 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2019.</ref> Other surveillance cameras serve as [[traffic enforcement camera]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Volokh |first=Eugene |date=March 26, 2002 |title=Traffic Enforcement Cameras |url=https://www2.law.ucla.edu/volokh/cameras.htm |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>

In [[Mecca]], Saudi Arabia, CCTV cameras are used for monitoring (and thus [[Crowd control|managing]]) the flow of crowds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2016/05/26/Saudi-Arabia-installs-new-security-cameras-in-Makkah|title=Saudi Arabia installs new security cameras in Makkah|date=26 May 2016|website=Al Arabiya English}}</ref> In the Philippines, [[San Antonio, Quezon City|barangay San Antonio]] used CCTV cameras and artificial intelligence software to detect the [[Social distancing|formation of crowds]] during an [[Disease outbreak|outbreak of a disease]]. Security personnel were sent whenever a crowd formed at a particular location in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 27, 2020 |title=AI-equipped CCTV cameras enable a barangay to monitor people out on the streets |url=https://www.topgear.com.ph/news/motoring-news/san-antonio-pasig-street-monitoring-system-a4354-20200327 |website=TopGear Philippines}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2020 |title=Pasig barangay turns to smart CCTV to enforce social distancing |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/metro/731619/pasig-mayor-vico-sotto-turns-to-smart-cctv-to-enforce-social-distancing/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107201859/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/metro/731619/pasig-mayor-vico-sotto-turns-to-smart-cctv-to-enforce-social-distancing/story/ |archive-date=7 January 2022 |website=GMA News Online |location=Philippines}}</ref>

=== Use in homes and buildings ===

==== In schools ====
{{further|Video surveillance in schools}}
[[File:Andover Tornado CCTV.webm|thumb|250x250px|Surveillance video of the [[2022 Andover tornado]] as it passed by a school. Several cameras in and outside of the building captured the event.]]
In the United States, Britain, Canada,<ref>{{cite news |date=22 October 2013 |title=Use of CCTV surveillance in schools |url=https://www.atl.org.uk/policy-and-campaigns/policy-posts/use-cctv-surveillance-schools?resetmyATL=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109021738/https://www.atl.org.uk/policy-and-campaigns/policy-posts/use-cctv-surveillance-schools?resetmyATL=true |archive-date=9 November 2016 |access-date=8 November 2016 |publisher=ATL the education union}}</ref> Australia,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/school-security-cctv-puts-bullies-on-pause/story-e6freuzi-1226311797645|title= School security CCTV puts bullies on pause | author= Bruce McDougall and Katherine Danks |access-date=8 November 2016|newspaper= The Daily Telegraph|date=28 March 2012}}</ref> and New Zealand, CCTV is widely used in schools to prevent [[bullying]], [[vandalism]], monitoring visitors, and maintaining a record of evidence of a crime. There are some restrictions: cameras are not typically installed in areas where there is a "reasonable [[expectation of privacy]]", such as bathrooms, gym locker areas, and private offices. Cameras are generally acceptable in parking lots, cafeterias, and supply rooms. Though some teachers object to the installation of cameras.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.ncjrs.gov/school/ch2a_18.html/|title = Legal aspects of the use of video cameras in schools =|access-date = 25 March 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160215174520/https://www.ncjrs.gov/school/ch2a_18.html/|archive-date = 15 February 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref> A study of high school students in Israeli schools shows that students' views on CCTV used in school are based on how they think of their teachers, school, and authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Birnhack|first1=Michael D.|last2=Perry-Hazan|first2=Lotem|date=2020|title=School Surveillance in Context: High School Students' Perspectives on CCTV, Privacy, and Security|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3587450|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3587450|s2cid=234991261|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> It also stated that most students do not want CCTV installed inside a classroom.<ref name=":1" />

==== In private and public places ====
Many homeowners choose to install CCTV systems either inside or outside their own homes, sometimes both. Modern CCTV systems can be monitored through mobile phone apps with internet coverage. Some systems also provide motion detection, so when movement is detected, an alert can be sent to a phone.<ref name="cnet">{{cite web |last1=Wollerton |first1=Megan |title=Turn an old phone into a security camera in 3 steps. Here's how to do it |url=https://www.cnet.com/home/security/turn-old-phone-into-security-camera-in-3-steps-heres-how-android-iphone/ |website=cnet.com |publisher=CNET |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>[[File:SISS VPU3400 8-channel 20080502.jpg|thumb|right|Digital video recorder for public transport]]

On a [[One-man operation|driver-only operated]] train, CCTV cameras may allow the driver to confirm that people are clear of doors before closing them and starting the train.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-k9n6WVihu0 |title=FCC Train Dispatch training video |date=25 March 2013 |access-date=2018-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630053044/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-k9n6WVihu0 |archive-date=2014-06-30 |url-status=dead |via=[[YouTube]]}} (From 7:35, the video explains about DOO train dispatch and describes the use of CCTV at stations.)</ref> A trial by [[Rotterdamse Elektrische Tram|RET]] in 2011 with [[Facial recognition system|facial recognition]] cameras mounted on trams made sure that people who were banned from them did not sneak on anyway.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2011 |title=Facial recognition cameras to be installed on Rotterdam trams |url=https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2011/09/facial_recognition_cameras_to/}}</ref> CCTV has also been frequently operated in many department stores and shopping malls to mitigate concerns of potential theft. In some countries, malls must obtain approval from the [[Interior ministry|Ministry of Interior]] (MOI)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-19 |title=Leading New Steps for MOI CCTV Approval for Malls |url=https://axlesys.com/steps-for-moi-cctv-approval-for-malls/ |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Axle Systems |language=en-US}}</ref> or [[Information Commissioner's Office]] (ICO) before installing CCTVs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-04 |title=A Quick Guide to CCTV Systems for Retail Centres {{!}} ACCL |url=https://network-data-cabling.co.uk/blog/cctv-retail-guide/ |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=ACCL Network Data Cabling |language=en}}</ref> Some organizations also use CCTV to monitor the actions of workers in a workplace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Using CCTV to monitor the workplace |url=http://www.icaew.com/en/archive/library/subject-gateways/business-management/smes/small-business-update/2015-01/using-cctv-to-monitor-the-workplace |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014052835/http://www.icaew.com/en/archive/library/subject-gateways/business-management/smes/small-business-update/2015-01/using-cctv-to-monitor-the-workplace |archive-date=14 October 2016 |access-date=2016-09-18 |publisher=icaew}}</ref>[[File:CCTV dome camera subway Rotterdam.jpg|thumb|upright|Dome camera in [[Rotterdam Centraal station|Rotterdam central metro station]]]]Many sporting events in the United States use CCTV inside the venue, either to display on the stadium or arena's [[scoreboard]] or in the concourse or restroom areas to allow people to view action outside the seating bowl. The cameras send the feed to a central control centre where a producer selects feeds to send to the television monitors that people can view. In a trial with CCTV cameras, football club fans no longer needed to identify themselves manually, but could pass freely after being authorized by the facial recognition system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2019 |title=Doe mee aan de proef met gezichtsherkenning |trans-title=Participate in the facial recognition trial |url=https://www.heracles.nl/2019/03/26/doe-mee-aan-de-proef-met-gezichtsherkenning/ |website=Heracles |language=nl}}</ref>

=== Criminal use ===
Criminals may use surveillance cameras to monitor the public. For example, a [[hidden camera]] at an [[Automated Teller Machine|ATM]] can capture people's [[Personal Identification Number|PINs]] as they are entered without their knowledge. The devices are small enough not to be noticed, and are placed where they can monitor the keypad of the machine as people enter their PINs. Images may be transmitted wirelessly to the criminal. Even lawful surveillance cameras sometimes have their data received by people who have no legal right to receive it.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 July 2018 |title=Benalla. Trois policiers suspendus pour avoir transmis des images de vidéosurveillance |trans-title=Benalla: Three police officers suspended for transmitting video surveillance images |url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/france/benalla-trois-policiers-suspendus-pour-avoir-transmis-des-images-de-videosurveillance-20-07-2018-12032279.php |language=fr}}</ref>