Editing Cleveland (section)

=== Late 20th and early 21st centuries ===
After the war, Cleveland initially experienced an [[Business cycle|economic boom]], and businesses declared the city to be the "best location in the nation".<ref name="nicknames" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-electric-illuminating-co |access-date=July 22, 2019 |date=April 4, 2019 }}</ref> In 1949, the city was named an [[All-America City Award|All-America City]] for the first time, and in 1950, its population reached 914,808.<ref name="timeline" /> In sports, the Indians won the [[1948 World Series]], the hockey team, the [[Cleveland Barons (1937–1973)|Barons]], became champions of the American Hockey League, and the [[Cleveland Browns|Browns]] dominated professional [[National Football League|football]] in the 1950s. As a result, along with track and boxing champions produced, Cleveland was declared the "City of Champions" in sports at this time.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schneider |first=Russell |title=Those Championship Seasons: Cleveland's Rich Sports History |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |page=206 |quote=Once upon a time, Cleveland was known as the 'City of Champions.' |date=November 3, 1991 }}</ref> Additionally, the 1950s saw the rising popularity of a new music genre that local [[WKNR|WJW (AM)]] disc jockey [[Alan Freed]] dubbed "[[rock and roll]]".<ref name="freed">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Freed, Alan |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=May 11, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/f/freed-alan |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref>

[[Image:Fountain of Eternal Life (34552871444).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Key Tower]] and the ''[[Fountain of Eternal Life]]'' by [[Marshall Fredericks]]]]
However, by the 1960s, Cleveland's economy began to slow down, and residents increasingly sought new housing in the suburbs, reflecting the national trends of suburban growth following federally subsidized highways.<ref name="suburbs">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Suburbs |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=June 14, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/suburbs |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref> [[Deindustrialization|Industrial restructuring]], particularly in the steel and automotive industries, resulted in the loss of numerous jobs in Cleveland and the region, and the city suffered economically.{{sfn|Miller|Wheeler|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill/page/183 183]}} The [[burning of the Cuyahoga River]] in June 1969 brought national attention to the issue of [[Pollution|industrial pollution]] in Cleveland and served as a catalyst for the [[Environmental movement in the United States|American environmental movement]].<ref name="NYT-cuyahoga">{{cite news |last=Maag |first=Christopher |title=From the Ashes of '69, Cleveland's Cuyahoga River Is Reborn |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/us/21river.html |date=June 20, 2009 |access-date=July 25, 2019 }}</ref>

[[Housing discrimination in the United States|Housing discrimination]] and [[redlining]] against African Americans led to racial unrest in Cleveland and numerous other Northern U.S. cities.{{sfn|Rothstein|2017|p=14}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Eddings |first=Amy |title=Divided by Design: Tracking Neighborhood Racial Segregation in Cleveland |publisher=[[Ideastream]] |url=https://www.ideastream.org/news/divided-by-design-tracking-neighborhood-racial-segregation-in-cleveland |date=November 14, 2017 |access-date=July 3, 2019 }}</ref> In Cleveland, the [[Hough riots]] erupted from July 18 to 24, 1966,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Hough Riots |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/h/hough-riots |access-date=January 4, 2024 |date=November 11, 2020 }}</ref> and the [[Glenville Shootout]] took place on July 23, 1968.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Glenville Shootout |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/g/glenville-shootout |access-date=January 4, 2024 |date=July 1, 2020 }}</ref> In November 1967, Cleveland became the first major American city to elect an African American mayor, [[Carl Stokes|Carl B. Stokes]], who served from 1968 to 1971 and played an instrumental role in restoring the Cuyahoga River.{{sfn|Stokes|1973|p=[https://archive.org/details/promisesofpowerp00stok/page/42 42]}}<ref name="stokes-cuyahoga">{{cite web |title=Carl B. Stokes and the 1969 River Fire |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/carl-stokes-and-the-river-fire.htm |access-date=May 30, 2020 }}</ref>

During the 1970s, Cleveland became known as "Bomb City U.S.A." due to several bombings that shook the city, mostly due to organized crime rivalries.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Polansky |first1=Rachel |last2=Trexler |first2=Phil |title=Bomb City U.S.A.: The untold story of Cleveland's mobster dynasty |publisher=[[WKYC]] |url=https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/investigations/bomb-city-usa-cleveland-mobster-dynasty/95-ff184a7c-f95e-478b-986b-c4469c69ad9a |date=May 6, 2021 |access-date=May 23, 2024 }}</ref> In December 1978, during the turbulent tenure of [[Dennis Kucinich]] as mayor, Cleveland became the first major American city since the Great Depression to enter into a [[Default (finance)|financial default]] on federal loans.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Mayoral Administration of Dennis J. Kucinich |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/m/mayoral-administration-dennis-j-kucinich |access-date=July 15, 2019 |date=May 12, 2018 }}</ref> The [[Early 1980s recession in the United States|national recession]] of the early 1980s "further eroded the city's traditional economic base."{{sfn|Miller|Wheeler|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill/page/183 183]}} While unemployment during the period peaked in 1983, Cleveland's rate of 13.8% was higher than the national average due to the closure of several steel production centers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fobes |first=Jon |title=Unemployment hits nearly every area in Ohio, analysis of new claims finds |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=http://blog.cleveland.com/openers/2009/02/unemployment_hits_nearly_every.html |date=February 8, 2009 |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Fisher Body Division of General Motors Corp |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=February 10, 2020 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/f/fisher-body-division-general-motors-corp |access-date=May 22, 2023 }}</ref>

The city began a gradual economic recovery under Mayor [[George Voinovich|George V. Voinovich]] in the 1980s. Downtown saw the construction of the [[Key Tower]] and [[200 Public Square]] skyscrapers, as well as the development of the [[Gateway Sports and Entertainment Complex]] – consisting of [[Progressive Field]] and [[Rocket Arena]] – and North Coast Harbor, including the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]], [[Cleveland Browns Stadium]], and the [[Great Lakes Science Center]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Mayoral Administration of George V. Voinovich |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/m/mayoral-administration-george-v-voinovich |access-date=August 3, 2019 |date=February 21, 2019 }}</ref> Although the city emerged from default in 1987,<ref name="timeline" /> it later suffered from the impact of the [[subprime mortgage crisis]] and the [[Great Recession in the United States|Great Recession]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kotlowitz |first=Alex |title=All Boarded Up: How Cleveland is Dealing With Mass Foreclosure |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/08/magazine/08Foreclosure-t.html |date=March 4, 2009 |access-date=December 1, 2023 }}</ref>

Nevertheless, by the turn of the 21st century, Cleveland succeeded in developing a more diversified economy and gained a national reputation as a center for healthcare and the arts.<ref name="smithsonian">{{cite magazine |last=Michener |first=Charles |title=Cleveland's Signs of Renewal |magazine=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/clevelands-signs-of-renewal-817906/ |date=April 2011 |access-date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref> The city's downtown and several neighborhoods have experienced significant population growth since 2010, while overall population decline has slowed.<ref name="2020census">{{cite web |title=Census 2020 in Cleveland |url=https://planning.clevelandohio.gov/census2020/index.html |publisher=Cleveland City Planning Commission |access-date=July 11, 2022 }}</ref> Challenges remain for the city, with improvement of city schools,<ref>{{cite news |last=Morris |first=Conor |title=Cleveland Mayor Justin Bibb announces five picks for CMSD Board of Education |publisher=Ideastream |url=https://www.ideastream.org/education/2023-06-27/cleveland-mayor-justin-bibb-announces-five-picks-for-cmsd-board-of-education |date=June 27, 2023 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}</ref> economic development of neighborhoods, and continued efforts to tackle poverty, [[Homelessness in Ohio|homelessness]], and urban blight being top municipal priorities.<ref>{{cite news |last=Buckley |first=Bri |title=Cleveland homeless shelters near capacity |publisher=[[WKYC]] |url=https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/local/cleveland/cleveland-shelters-near-capacity-as-homeless-encampments-remain-in-bitter-cold-snow/95-4340bb8a-bf18-49ce-a3ef-94892bbf83ae |date=November 28, 2023 |access-date=December 20, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Daprile |first=Lucas |title=Cleveland poised to move forward with plans to demolish blighted buildings, but will $15 million be enough? |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2022/06/cleveland-poised-to-move-forward-with-plans-to-demolish-blighted-buildings-but-will-15-million-be-enough-stimulus-watch.html |date=June 4, 2022 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}</ref>